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Imperialism and The United States, 1890-1914. Introduction…. With your neighbor…. You are a leader of a country that has a considerable amount of land, relatively small population in proportion to land size, natural resources, and a stabilized government.
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With your neighbor… • You are a leader of a country that has a considerable amount of land, relatively small population in proportion to land size, natural resources, and a stabilized government. • Why then would you feel the need (or be pressured to) seek out territory beyond your own?
What is Imperialism? • Exerting control over another nation • By means of economic, political, and/or military control • Can be connected with Jingoism (extreme nationalism led by a pro-war foreign policy)
Prior to the 1890’s the US was not interested in expansion…Why? • The Civil War • Expanding westward (Manifest Destiny!) • Staying away from foreign alliances and wars
By the 1890’s the US was ready to expand…why? 1. End of the frontier (1890 census) • Many believed U.S. had to expand or explode a. Increased demand for raw materials and resources b. “Safety valve” thesis
Reasons… 2. Increased importance of international trade for the U.S. economy a. The U.S. became the world’s leading industrial power in the 1890s b. Some Americans sought new colonies to expand markets further 3. U.S. sought to compete with Europe for overseas empires a. Some American leaders sought “great power” status for the U.S. b. By 1914, Europe controlled 84% of the world’s land
Reasons for expansion… 4. Proponents of U.S. expansion overseas 1. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Influence of SeaPower upon History, 1660-1783(1890) a. Thesis: naval power was the key to world dominance b. Stimulated a naval arms race among the “great powers” c. U.S. sought defensive naval bases and refueling stations d. By 1900, U.S. had the world’s 3rd largest navy
Reasons… 2. Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge a. Social Darwinism (“survival of the fittest”) b. Roosevelt also sought a canal in Central America to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 3. Senator Albert Beveridge stated U.S. was part of a worldwide movement of the superior white race and imperialism was ordained by God 4. Josiah Strong, Our Country (1885) -- Advocated superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization
Welcome Back! • Bell Ringer… • Bring Textbooks to class tomorrow! • 5 reasons the US began to imperialize? • Who did the United States overthrow to claim Hawaii? • Why did the US go to war with Spain?
Samoa Became a protectorate in the 1870’s A weak country under the protection and partial control of a strong country. American interests in Imperialism
Early missionaries bought large amounts of land for sugar plantations By 1880’s, US using Pearl Harbor as a naval base Many wanted US out, including Queen Liliuokalani. Was overthrown in 1893 Became a Republic with Sanford Dole as first Governor. Hawaii
The Spanish American War • US concerned about Spanish control in Cuba • Wanted to protect American owned sugar plantations • US against Spanish atrocities towards Cubans
WAR FEVER!! • Yellow Journalism • News that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates events in order to attract readers
In effort to gain support for the Cubans many newspapers ran stories that were exaggerated and untrue… • The two most famous editors of the time were Joseph Pulitzer… • …and William Randolph Hearst “You furnish the pictures…I’ll supply the War”
In 1898 Hearst’s New York Journal published what was know as the “De Lome Letter.” What was the content in the letter? Spanish ambassador Enrique Dupuy de Lôme wrote a personal letter to his friend José Canalejas who was in Cuba. The letter contained derogatory comments about President McKinley and his policies concerning Cuba. WAR FEVER!!
“...Besides the ingrained and inevitable bluntness with which is repeated all that the press and public opinion in Spain have said about Weyler, it once more shows what McKinley is, weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would-be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.”
WAR FEVER!! • In Feb. 1898 While protecting Americans in Cuba, the USS BattleshipMaine exploded in Havana Harbor killing 260 men. • “Remember the Maine” became a war slogan.
WAR!! • A reluctant William McKinley asked Congress for a declaration of war in April 1898
“The Splendid Little War” The Battle of the Philippines • First action of war • Fight for independence against Spain • Was helped by Filipino Patriot Emilio Aguinaldo • Destroyed Spanish Fleet at Manila Bay led by Adm. Dewey
Welcome Back! • Bell Ringer…1. Discuss the Cuban campaign and 2. what was the outcome of the Treaty of Paris? • For Tomorrow: Come prepared to discuss the last section of your study guide
The Cuban Campaign • US Army had a tougher time…why? • Heat and wool uniforms • Spread of disease • Ill prepared and ill trained
Object was to capture port city of Santiago where Spanish Fleet was anchored Navy was able to sink the fleet On land, the goal of the Army was to take military installations above Santiago…including San Juan Heights and El Caney The Cuban Campaign
The Rough Riders • Led by former Secretary of Navy Theodore Roosevelt, this rag tag Calvary unit led the charge up San Juan Hill • Or did they? They actually attacked Kettle Hill!
2,000 African American soldiers comprised of Regular Army regiments, the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th and 25th Infantry. Joined the Rough Riders for the battle of San Juan and Kettle Hills Buffalo Soldiers
Treaty of Paris, Dec. 1898 Cuba gained Independence US received Puerto Rico and Guam Spain sold the Philippines to the US for 20 million US became a colonial Power…new problems and responsibilities. The End of the WarAugust 12, 1898(114 days!)
Welcome Back! • Bell Ringer….What are the outcomes of the Treaty of Paris! • Quiz tomorrow! • Agenda and Objective: Through notes and discussion students will identify Roosevelt’s Foreign policy.
At the start of War, US issues Teller Amendment Gave US the right to intervene to maintain stable government; Cuba was not allowed foreign agreements; US controlled Guantanamo Bay Promised Cuban independence after war With the country on the verge of economic/political collapse Congress passes Platt Amendment Issues with Cuba in the aftermath of War…
Issues with the Philippines in the aftermath of War… • US felt the right to take control of the Islands; Filipinos thought differently • Three year rebellion led by Aguinaldo; ends with 200,000 dead; 7,000 US soldiers • Becomes a republic in 1946
Became a US possession after the war. US saw it as a Colony. In 1900 Foraker Act is passed. Gave PR a form of self-government However, were citizens of PR but not the United States. Led to Jones Act of 1917 Became a commonwealth in 1952 Problems with Puerto Rico after the War…
United States Imperialism Part II 1900-1914 Kathleen Krall Spring Grove Area High School
Was premised by the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 That US would stay out of Europe and would oppose European intervention in the Western Hemisphere Focus of US foreign policy shifts to Central America after the War
Interested in China American merchants feared they would be left out of trade markets A weak country who was carved up into “spheres of influence” by Europe US was also interested in expanding in the Far East
In response, Secretary of State John Hay authored the “open door policy” Sent Diplomatic notes to Russia, France, Germany, Britain, and Japan asking them for equal trading rights and transportation facilities in China
However, many Chinese did not want Westerns in China… • In 1900 a secret society known as the “Boxers” tried to overthrow the imperial government and expel foreigners • Did not succeed “…destroy the foreigner!"
Foreign Policy Of Theodore Roosevelt The United States has the chief responsibility for adjudicating any conflicts between Europe and Latin America…became known as the “Big Stick Policy.” • Extended the Monroe Doctrine into what was known as the “Roosevelt Corollary” The first test to the Corollary occurred in the Venezuelan Crisis of 1902
When TR became President he wanted to… To do this the US agreed to the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty with the French Build a Canal across Central America Keep Europe out of Latin American affairs. The Panama Canal Granted the US the sole right to build and control a canal. Was to remain free and open to ships from all nations. Why would a Canal be important?
First place considered was Nicaragua. Was free of disease and only had about 50 miles to dig… However in 1902 a volcano exploded on the island of Martinique. US believed to be unsafe But where should the Canal be Built?
Knowing that Panama was unhappy under Columbian rule, a revolution was staged with the help of the French Canal agent Philippe Bunau-Varilla the new Foreign Minister Bunau-Varilla! Roosevelt supported the revolution, sending navy to ensure victory US quickly recognized Panama and negotiated a treaty with… However Panama was controlled by Columbia… “I took the Canal”
Building the Canal… • Had to deal with disease. Over 5,600 workers died • Army Physician, William Gorgas was able to wipe out yellow fever by draining local water areas
More than 43,000 laborers worked on the Canal. Were divided into Gold and Silver Star Workers Most work was done with pick ax, shovel, and dynamite. Work ended in 1914 with the cost of 352 million
Traveling through the canal takes approximately 10-12 hours The water route from New York to San Francisco was 8,000 miles shorter Allowed Navy to move quicker On December 31, 1999 the canal was returned to the government of Panama “The land divided, the world united”
Latin America and William Howard Taft • Turned away from “big stick” diplomacy and supported “Dollar Diplomacy” • Urged American banks and businesses to invest in Latin America
Woodrow Wilson and Latin America • Was weary of dollar diplomacy • Believed that heavy investment would actually harm weak nations • Feared that investors would take all profits and influence local governments
