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Morten Pilegaard Knowledge Communication Lab, Business and Social Science, AU, mpi@asb.dk

info@vidkom.dk , mpi@asb.dk. Forskningsformidling Forskningsartikel - skrevet på godt engelsk CIRRAU. AU, 5. september 2014. Morten Pilegaard Knowledge Communication Lab, Business and Social Science, AU, mpi@asb.dk

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Morten Pilegaard Knowledge Communication Lab, Business and Social Science, AU, mpi@asb.dk

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  1. info@vidkom.dk, mpi@asb.dk Forskningsformidling Forskningsartikel - skrevet på godt engelsk CIRRAU AU, 5. september 2014 Morten Pilegaard Knowledge Communication Lab, Business and Social Science, AU,mpi@asb.dk TermShare A/S; www.termshare.dk; termsharemailbox@termshare.dk; 5154 1908 VidKom, www.vidkom.dk, mpi@mpikom.dk; info@vidkom.dk; 2617 4622

  2. info@vidkom.dk, mpi@asb.dk Nøglen til god tekstproduktion Produktion af gode tekster kræver tre kompetencer: • Viden om kontekstuelle retoriske konventioner i tekstgenrer • Viden om det fremmedsprog teksten forfattes på • Viden om forskningsfeltet/fagområdet “Kontekstuelle retoriske konventioner”: Enhver tekst fungerer i en kontekst Enhver tekst tjener kontekst-specifikke formål på to måder a) gennem sin struktur b) gennem sine sproglige valg Tekster danner genrer = tekster med “genkendelige” formål 2 beskrivelsesniveauer: Formelt & funktionelt niveau Træk Skridt Ord Sætning

  3. info@vidkom.dk Kontekst Effektiv tekstproduktion er kontekstuel. Forudsætter eksplicitering af formål på mikroniveau og nøje sammenhæng mellem tekstens struktur og sprog ..og viden om tekstkonventioner på fremmedsprog …og ’retorisk kultur’ Kontekst Kultur UK Lineær syntaks Personlige udtryk Meget metakomm. Tematisk fokuseret Modtager-orienteret DK Kompleks syntaks Upersonlige udtryk Lidt metakomm. Tematiske afstikkere Afsender-orienteret Medium (talt/skrevet) Tekstgenre Heltekst Modtagere Afsender Modtager Teksttype Deltekst Teksttype Deltekst Intenderede ”Tilskuere” Teksttype Deltekst Teksttype Deltekst ÷Adres- serede Adres- serede Tilfældige Sprog

  4. info@vidkom.dk Genretrækstruktur: Instruktioner & konventioner Artikel + Strukturkrav Abstract ÷ Strukturkrav + Strukturforventning Introduktion ± Strukturkrav + Strukturforventning Diskussion + Regiolekt Tabeller, figurer Etc. Formkrav 75% + 2/3 NNSE Ideation Idiomatik Sprogrigtighed Etc. Formforventninger

  5. info@vidkom.dk, mpi@asb.dk Tekstens struktur og den sproglige form ● Makrostruktur: Forskningsartikler: (A)IMRAD Kliniske randomiserede protokoller http://www.consort-statement.org/revisedstatement.htm Poster Kongresabstract, etc. ● Mikrostruktur: Abstract Specifik struktur 1. Formål BMJ abstract 2. Design 3. Patienter 4. Effektmål 5. Resultater 6. Konklusion Sprog Generel trækstruktur Kort introduktion (sæt scenen) Kort om materiale og metode Vigtigste resultater Kort diskussion/konklusion • Understøtter abstracts formål: • Primært at informere • Sekundært at skabe interesse Markerer trækkenes indhold: Signalord, informationstæt, kompakt

  6. info@vidkom.dk, mpi@asb.dk Model Formål Design Patienter Effektmål Resultater Konklusion Træk? ABSTRACT The calcium antagonist verapamil has been shown to increase oxygen extraction of ischaemic tissues in coronary and periphe-ral disease. Since the balance between beneficial and delete-rious effects of vasodilation in ischaemic disease may be deli-cate we investigated the clinical and haemodynamic effects of verapamil in 44 patients with intermittent claudication (Fon-taine's stadge IIb - III) in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled crossover study (4 weeks with placebo/verapamil) af-ter individual optimal dose of the drug had been evaluated in a dose response study. Eight, 8, 14, and 14 patients revealed the longest walking distance on 120, 240, 360, and 480 mg, res-pectively of slow-release verapamil once daily. In individually optimal doses verapamil increased pain free walking distance by 27% from 44.9 to 57.8 m (p<0.001) and maximal walking dis-tance by 49% from 100.7 to 149.8 m (p<0.001) as compared to placebo. The increase in maximal walking distance after vera-pamil administration was positively correlated to initial systolic ankle pressure (...) and to ankle/brachial index (...) and to no other parameter. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

  7. info@vidkom.dk, mpi@asb.dk Introduktion Hvad: Drejebog/scenesætter Funktion: Informere om baggrund Angive rationale Iscenesættelse af forskningsfokus Træk: 1. Anslå tema og forskningsområde 1a. Resumering af del af tidligere forskning 1b. Påstand om områdets generelle betydning/vigtighed 1c. Generalisering over emnet 2. Etabler en forskningsniche 2a. Påstand der modsiger aktuel forskning 2b. Mangel i eksisterende forskning 2c. Spørgsmål/tvivl v. eksisterende forskning 2d. Næste skridt i forskningsprogram 3. Indtag nichen 3a. Forskningens formål eller karakter 3b. Nøgleresultater (evt.) Sammenhæng mellem trækkets formål og den sproglige form

  8. info@vidkom.dk, mpi@asb.dk Introduktion Sproglig form = signal om trækkets funktion Træk 1b (”påstand om områdets generelle betydning”): The increasing interest in pain management has heightened the need for tools suitable to objectively assess pain. Of particular interest and complexity is the monitoration of pain levels as the disease progresses towards its acute stages. Betydning – ordniveau: Increasing interest Heightened need Particular interest and complexity Betydning – sætningsniveau Of particular interest and complexity is

  9. info@vidkom.dk Sproglig form = signal om trækkets funktion Træk 2a+b: Etabler niche med ”negativt” subjekt (viser at træk 1 er færdigt) “Negativt” subjekt: Utællelig subj. However, little information ... little attention ... little work ... little research ... Tælleligt subj. However, few studies ... few investigations ... few attempts … Konnektorer Bisætning Hovedsætning Frase Modsætningalthough, even though however, nevertheless despite, yet, in spite of Kontrastwhile, whereas in contrast, however, unlike conversely

  10. Teksteksempel Trækstruktur Introduction The period from the first symptoms of cancer until treatment is initiated (delay) should be as short as possible because the prognosis for the most of cancers depends on the disease stage at the time of diagnosis {…}. Delay is also asso- ciated with mental strain for the patients {..}. Only a few studies have been con- ducted to analyse, in detail, to which extent the different actors – patients, general practitioners (GPs) and secondary health care - contribute to delay in cancer diagnosis. These studies only cover one or few specific cancer types {..}. Hence, there is a lack of population based studies and lack of an overview and differen- tiated insight into delay for all cancer types. We examined, in a population based cohort study, each involved actors’ contribution to delay and to what extent delay differs with different cancer types. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

  11. Øvelse: Find tre sproglige problemer! The period from the first symptoms of cancer until treatment is initiated (delay) should be as short as possible because the prognosis for the most of cancers depends on the dis- ease stage at the time of diagnosis {…}. Delay is also associated with mental strain for the patients {..}. Only a few studies have been conducted to analyse, in detail, to which extent the different actors – patients, Gene- ral practitioners (GPs) and secondary health care - contribute to delay in cancer diagnosis. These studies only cover one or few specific cancer types {..}. Hence, there is a lack of population based studies and lack of an over- view and differentiated insight into delay for all cancer types. We examined, in a popula- tion based cohort study, each involved actors’ contribution to delay and to what extent delay differs with different cancer types. The period from the first symptoms of cancer until treatment is initiated (de- lay) should be as short as possible be- cause in most cancers the prognosis depends on the disease stage at the time of diagnosis {..}. Delay is also as- sociated with mental strain for the pa- tients {..}. Only few studies have ana- lyzed in detail how delay in cancer dia- gnosis is distributed between patients, general practitioners (GPs) and secon- dary health care staff. Moreover, the studies only cover one or few specific cancer types {..}. The present lack of population-based studies and the ab- sence of detailed knowledge of cancer- specific delay accordingly needs to be addressed. We therefore conducted a population-based cohort study explor- ing each involved actor’s contribution to delay and the extent to which delay differed according to cancer type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

  12. info@vidkom.dk Øvelse: bestem introduktionens træk 1-3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Urinary incontinence in women is a common distressing, and costly health problem. Studies have shown that only about a quarter of affected women consult a doctor for their symptoms, and the treat-ment that they are offered is probably not optimal. The condition is thus a challenge for general practitioners, who often will be the first professionals to diagnose and treat it. Several treatment options are effective in the treatment of urinary incontinence in women and most of these treatments are suitable in general practitioners and other primary care staff1. In two controlled trials from general prac-tice most of the women had improved or were cured after manage-ment; similar results were found in a study in which treatments were administered by nurses.2,3 Such studies, however, are often performed by one dedicated doctor or specially trained staff, so the results may not reflect what is attainable in ordinary practices. We conducted an observational study of treatment of urinary incontine-nece in women in general practice in a community where a group of general practitioners serves the total population.

  13. info@vidkom.dk, mpi@asb.dk Diskussion Formål: Diskutere resultater Funktion: Diskutere resulter i kontekst Vurdere resultater/metoder Evaluate mulige anvendelser Anbefale videre forskning Træk struktur: Sproglige modeller Øget enighed om behov for struktureret diskussion

  14. info@vidkom.dk, mpi@asb.dk Diskussion: Tidsskriftsspecifikke trækstrukturer BMJ: (http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/318/7193/1224) • Statement of principal findings • Strengths and weaknesses of the study • Strengths and weaknesses in relation to other studies, discussing particularly any differences in results • Meaning of the study: possible mechanisms and implications for clinicians or policymakers • Unanswered questions and future research Hvorfor bliver 2/3 af alle artikler afvist? Hvad siger reviewerne? Fordi forfatter ikkeforholder sig tilstrækkeligt nuanceret til egne og andres data!!

  15. Diskussion - træk Træk 1 Giv baggrundsinformation (ikke-obligatorisk; fagområdeafhængigt) Formål: At gentage formål/forskningsspørgsmål Sprog: Metadiskurs (fx the aim of this study is to..) Træk 2 Redegør for egne resultater (obligatorisk) Formål: At præsentere de vigtigste specifikke resultater af egen forskning og evt. kommentere forventnings-”fit” (ventet/uventet) Sprog: Menings-/ytringsverber, datid Henvisning til eksempler, tabeller, figurer Træk 3 Opsummer hovedresultatet (ikke-obligatorisk) Formål: Kort resumé af det samlede hovedresultat (i relation til formål). Adskiller sig fra træk 2, som har fokus på væsentligste delresultater Træk 4 Vurder/sammenlign egne resultater med andres (obligatorisk) Formål: At sammenligne egne med andres resultater og give vurdering af resultaternes betydning for forskningen Ofte kombination A: Sammenligne/kontrastere fund med litteraturen af flere ”skridt” B: Forklare egne resultater i forhold til andres C: Vurdere egne resultater i forhold til andres

  16. Diskussion - træk Træk 5 Resume af eller konklusion på studiet (ikke obligatorisk) Formål: At resumere studiets samlede betydning for forskningen (ikke kun egne resultaters betydning, træk 3): Sprog: Førnutid ( fx The present study has shown that..) Trækket afslutter ofte diskussionen Træk 6 Vurderer/diskuter studiet (obligatorisk) Formål: Præsentation af studiets styrker/svagheder og vurdering/diskussion af styrke/svagheder, generaliserbarhed, nyhedsværdi Ofte kombination A: Vurdering af styrker/svagheder af flere ”skridt” B: Vurdering af betydning/fordele ved eget studie C: Vurdering af metode Sprog: Ofte ‘positive’ verber (fx: our study/results ‘expands on’, ‘adds to’ the literature, ‘contribute’ to the existing body of knowledge, ‘are confined to’ certain bounds, are ‘only a means’ to an end, ‘do not claim being exhaustive’, etc.) Træk 7 Hvad giver studiet anledning til (obligatorisk) Formål: Forslag til fremtidig indsat (forskning, klinik, undervisning) begrundet i manglende forskning eller hypoteser/formodninger studiet har rejst Ofte kombination A: Forslag til videre forskning af flere ”skridt” B: Anbefalinger

  17. Baggrund (gentag formål) 4. Sammenlign resultater med andres resultater • Egne resultater (hoved-/del-) 5. Konkluder på studiet i kontekst • Evt. sammenfat resultat jfr. 1 6. Vurder/diskuter studiet (styrker/svagheder) 7. Hvad giver studiet anledning til Nusse R et al had showed that WNT-1 contributed to mammary oncogenesis when overexpressed (Nusse R and van Ooyen A, 1984). WNT-1 also seemed to play an important role in the neoplastic progression of basal cell carcinomas of head and neck in which the areas of de- differentiated BCCs demonstrated a high granular positive staining (Lomuzio L and Pannone G et al, 2000). To our knowledge there is no report on WNT-1 expression on OSCC. Our results show- ed that there was no expression of WNT-1 in normal oral epithelium, and strong expression was observed in dys- plastic oral epithelium and well-differ- entiated OSCC, however redisappear- ence was observed in the poor differen- tiated OSCC. …. Øvelse: Find træk 1-4 og kommenter resultatpræsentation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

  18. info@vidkom.dk Forskelle på dansk og engelsk System • Ords morfosyntaks • Fx. Adjektivers bøjning i tal • Ordklassernes funktion og anvendelse • Fx. Adverbiers frekvens • Sætningsopbygning • Fx. Danske relativsætninger og sætninger med foreløbigt subjekt Brug

  19. ORDKLASSENIVEAU DK 1 ord >< UK n ord – UK ”falske venner”

  20. Øvelse: Find falske venner eller forkerte engelske ord Getting back to the subject of smoking when patients had refused smoking cessation advice earlier was considered a difficult and risky affair by most of the GPs An age- and gender-matched group of 47 persons, without any actual or previous need for orthodontic or surgical-orthodontic treatment, served as controls

  21. info@vidkom.dk Dansk biord -> engelsk tillægsord DK engelsk: biord (f.eks. early in the mitosis) UK engelsk: tillægsord (f.eks. in the early mitosis)

  22. Dansk biord -> engelsk udsagnsord DK engelsk biord (f.eks. the problem is still [stadig] unsolved) UK engelsk udsagnsord (f.eks. the problem remains unsolved). info@vidkom.dk

  23. Øvelse: lav biord om til udsagsord eller tillægsord X is still to be clarified a discrepancy between the actual capacity to perform transvenous TP and the current recommendations still exists Children with multiple symptoms may be especially at risk of developing regular functional somatic syndromes over time It is possible to close the fascia in the midline with primary defects as large as 20 cm surgery to bone or spinal cord compression has been reported as high as 3,38 per year for patients with mRCC By inserting a balloon subdurally or epidurally The patients all routinely had a CT-angio in combination with their staging This enabled us to use multivariate statistics to detect potential risk factors and this method implies inclusion of several variables concurrently and thereby control for confounding

  24. info@vidkom.dk Dansk forholdsord -> engelsk udsagnsord DK engelsk: forholdsord UK engelsk: udsagnsord (ing-form) ved verber der giver liv

  25. Øvelse: fjern forholdsord hvor det er muligt Potassium depletion is also known to affect kidney sodium reabsorption by impairing the kidney’s ability to excrete an Na+ load and maximally conserve Na+ The depletion of potassium is also known to have an impact on reab-sorption of sodium in the kidneys impairing both the ability to excrete a Na+ load and the ability to conserve Na+ maximally The cellular DNA uptake in culture is markedly enhanced The uptake of DNA in the cells in culture is markedly enhanced The expression levels of the proteins examined when comparing experimental versus control animals were determined by conventional densitometry of immunoblots The protein expression levels in experimental and control animals were compared by conventional immunoblot densitometry

  26. 1. Ubevidst inkompetent 2. Bevidst inkompetent 4. Ubevidst kompetent 3. Bevidst kompetent info@vidkom.dk Hvad gør jeg? Brug tid på sproget! Vi ved normalt ikke, hvad vi ikke ved, før vi ved det! Et eksempel: Modalverberne rummer udsagn om sandsynlighed Hvilke er der? Kendt viden! Forskellen?

  27. 1. Ubevidst inkompetent 2. Bevidst inkompetent 3. Bevidst kompetent 4. Ubevidst kompetent info@vidkom.dk Vi ved ikke hvad vi ikke ved – før vi ved det! Kausalitetsmarkører : ”fordi” Et eksempel: ”Kausalitets- markørers værdiladning” Hvilke er der? Kendt viden! Forskellen?

  28. HJÆLP!!! Grammatik og sprogbeskrivelse WEBSTER ONLINE http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/ Information fra Webster om grammatik med sproglige øvelser samt øvelser i opbygning af tekster. Fx kohæsion

  29. HJÆLPEMIDLER Grammatik og sprogbeskrivelse Kohæsion: Konjunktioner Pronomener Leksikalsk gentagelse Parallelkonstruktioner Guide to Grammar and Writing Eksempel: Sentence level: Coherence • Addition • Comparison • Concession • Contrast (howeveritis) • Emphasis • Etc.

  30. info@vidkom.dk Observer! Forskelle på sprog og sprogsystemter Udled generelle regler fx brug færre præpositioner! DangelskEngelsk Præpositionel postmodifikation Adjektivisk præmodifikation Individuals without training Unskilled individuals Individuals on early retirement Early retirees Individuals with little education Poorly educated individuals Præpositionskonstruktion  Verbum (-ing-form) The rules for this procedure The rules governing this procedure The surgical principle for X The surgical principle underlying X An incision was made towards X An incision was made facing X

  31. info@vidkom.dk Observer! Forskelle på sprog Udled generelle regler fx undgå for mange adverbier! DK adverbium  UK verbum Dangelsk Engelsk  This hypothesis may be unverifiable The shortage of penicillin still gives cause for concern The equipment has now been upgraded so as to include incinerators Nonlinear equations are unsolvable This hypothesis resists verification The shortage of penicillin continues to cause concern The equipment has now been upgraded to include incinerators Nonlinear equations defy solution

  32. …eller – ring efter hjælp for help! Kronologisk & systematisk – indhold/sprog Fokus: - Struktur - Klart budskab - Dangelsk Form: - Vis ændringer - Kommentarer: - forklaringer på fejl - forslag til ny tekst

  33. info@vidkom.dk Kortere! Mere klart? Prøv selv: Gør tekst kompakt og klar Danish GPs act as "gate-keepers" with regard to hospital treatment and treat-ment by specialists. This means that patients usually start by talking with their GPs, whose responsibility it is to ensure that they are offered the treatment that they need and that they will not be treated on a higher level of specialisation than necessary. (55 ord) Danish GPs act as hospital and specialist treatment gatekeepers. Patients, therefore, usually first consult their GP, who is responsible for proper treatment institution at an appropriate specialisation level (27 ordsparet!)

  34. Tak for opmærksomheden! Spørgsmål? VIDKOM mpi@asb.dk; info@vidkom.dk

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