Presentation Transcript

1. Southwest Asia

   1975-1991 End of Cold War Era
2. Pakistan Pakistan continued to shift through periods of civilian and military rule from the 1970s to the 1990s General Zia ul-Haq remained head of a military regime until 1988, although the Constitution of 1973, used by Pakistan today, was re-adopted in 1985 Attempted Islamization of political, legal, and economic institutions (including a law-checking organization and a second system of justice based on the Sharia laws) Pakistan’s foreign policy continues to be focused on protecting itself and creating security from surrounding nations; it has nurtured good relations with all Arab nations and almost every Muslim country
3. Zia ul-Haq Military ruler from 1977 – 1985, Military ruler with Constitution from 1985 – 1988 at death
4. Pakistan After Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979), Pakistan became the United States’ “Most Favored Nation” Large number of refugees (around 4 million) cross into Pakistan At this time, Pakistan was aided by United States with immense amounts of military aid As 1990s rolled around, United States condemned Pakistan for its development and testing of nuclear weapons Elected rule from 1988-1999, then another coup from 1999-2008 Today is established as a parliamentary democracy (extremely prevalent in post-colonial nations)
5. Steve McCurry Photojournalist Steve McCurry was one of the only to photo-document events of the Soviet War in Afghanistan, particularly in his remarkably beautiful portraits of Afghan refugees into Pakistan, which are some of the modern world’s most famous images. His portrait of a refugee woman near a camp in Pakistan is one of the world’s most well-known photography works.
6. Pakistan Established itself as a nuclear power after having feeling threatened by India’s development of nuclear weapons China remains one of Pakistan’s closest allies, India remains Pakistan’s archenemy Economy continued to fluctuate between lagging, crisis, and healthy growth periods (primarily under the military rule periods the economy was the best) Continued conflict over borders and ethnicity in Kashmir and Balochistan; Kargil War in 1999 was last major conflict over Kashmir
7. Pakistan Literacy rates continue to be low overall (around 60% overall) in the education system is improving through repeated efforts by the government Since partition, economy has made transition between agricultural to manufacturing and service-related Is now considered a rapidly developing economy with the potential to become a world economic power in the 21rst century
8. Brief India Since partition, has maintained civilian rule Modeled government more based on intervention and socialism Alliance with Soviet Union during Cold War Development of nuclear weaponry leads Pakistan to develop their own Sino-Indian War – defeated by China, who tested nuclear weapons during the war World’s largest democracy Population growth, though not much rise in living standards below middle class Foreign investment from democracies and socialist blocs
9. Brief Afghanistan Dominated during this time period by Soviet War in Afghanistan, starting between 1978 and 1979 and ending around 1991 or 1992 Before then, Afghanistan was fairly westernized or “Sovietized” and Soviet Union influence was particularly strong and evident in music, clothing, and government stability The guerilla-like, anti-communist Mujahidin forces overthrew the President, who was running a communist-style government United States, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan (encouraged by US), and China all supported the Mujahidin forces; India was the supporter of the communist-style government due to their alliance with the Soviet Union Behind the scenes aid and involvement from United States reversed the way the war was tilting so that the Mujahidin forces seemed to be on the opposition Eventually, the Mujahidin controlled rural areas while the Soviets still controlled urban areas Often considered the “Vietnam War of the Soviet Union”; a mark of the decline of the Soviet force and the closing of the Cold War Era
10. Images Mujahidin members are standing on a downed Soviet Union helicopter. (1981) These images show Soviet troops celebrating as they withdraw from Afghanistan in 1988. The war had been long and unsuccessful. Many dubbed it the “Bear Trap” and the “Soviet Union’s Vietnam War”.
11. Brief Iran Revolution in 1978; Ayatollah Khomeini’s new regime calls to re-introduce a religiously pure nation and the rejoining of religion and politics that were characteristic of the Mahdists in Sudan New strongly Anti-Western views Radical reform involved religious figures who took leadership and canceled opposition forces, and strict Islamic laws were implemented War with Iraq stopped the progress until 1988, and Iran was left in a mess