A P Water Management Project BAPATLA-522 101

1. MICROIRRIGATIONNeed of the 21st Century for Limited Water Resource Management Dr Kaluvai Yella Reddy A P Water Management Project BAPATLA-522 101

2. World’s Water Resources • Total Water : 1,400 million km3 • Fresh Water : 2.5% (35 million km3) • Usable Fresh Water : 0.01% (2,00,000 km3) • Annual GW Recharge : 47,000 km3 • Present Utilization of GW : 600 – 700 km3 (20% of total Water Use) World Africa Europe Water use : Agriculture 69% 88% 33% Industry 23% 5% 54% Domestic use 8% 7% 13%

3. Population and per capita water availability

4. Water scarcity • Below 1700 m3 per capita/year : Water scarce • Less than 1000 m3 per capita/year : Severely water scarce 1990: 18 countries (12 less than 500 m3) 2025: 30 countries (19)

5. World’s water use pattern in 20th century

6. Virtual Water Water required for producing any item One ton of grain needs 1000 m3 of water At 1 paise a liter , it costs Rs. 1,20,000 for growing paddy in one hectare land

7. Water Resources of India • Geographical area : 328 M ha • Average annual rainfall : 120 cm • Total precipitation : 400 M ha m • Evaporation : 70 M ha m • Infiltration : 215 M ha m (165+50) • Runoff : 115 M ha m • Harness able water : 115 M ha m (70+45)

8. Estimates of Water Needs for India (M ha m)

9. Water Resources of Andhra Pradesh The A P state share of water in dependable flows is estimated at 2746 TMC and about 1800 TMC is only being presently utilized. To utilize the balance 900 TMC of water fully, about Rs.45,000 crores

10. Surface Water Resources of Andhra Pradesh

11. Extent of waterlogged area in irrigation commands

12. Irrigation potential of AP 29.6 lakh ha in 1968 41.5 lakh ha in 1998

13. Water Scarce in AP • Total available WR : 108.15 bcm • Present use : 62.29 bcm • Present Population : 75 million • Expected in 2020 : 90 million • Per capita availability : 1400 cu m • Per capita utilization : 800 cu m At present 36% of rural and 28% of urban population don’t have adequate drinking water facilities

14. Depleting water table

15. Sprinkler method In the sprinkler method of irrigation water is sprayed into the air and allowed to fall on the ground surface somewhat resembling rainfall.

16. Components of sprinkler system • Pipe networks: mains, sub-mains and laterals • Couplers • Sprinkler head • Other accessories such as valves, bends, plugs, risers and fittings • Pumping unit

17. Design of sprinkler system a)      Inventory of the area b)      Depth of irrigation c)      Irrigation interval d)      Effect of wind e)      Application rate for different soils and slopes f)       Selection of sprinkler nozzle g)      Spacing of sprinkler nozzle h)      Number of sprinkler nozzles i)       Total discharge of sprinkler system j)       Layout of sprinkler system

18. Drip Irrigation Drip irrigation system, also known as trickle irrigation, consists of large network of pipelines through which water is carried and applied nearer to the plant root zone through an emitting device.

19. Advantages of Drip Irrigation • i)           Water saving • ii)          Enhanced plant growth and yield • iii)         Saving in labour and energy • iv)         Most suitable to poor soils • v)          Control of weeds • vi)         Economy in cultural practices and easy operations • vii)        Possibility of using saline water • viii)       Improves efficiency of fertilizer • ix)         Flexibility in operation • x)          No soil erosion • xi)         Easy installation • xii)        No land preparation • xiii)       Minimum diseases and pest problems

20. Moisture content Field capacity (1/3 atm) Drip method Fig.1. Moisture availability to crops in different irrigation methods Sprinkler method Surface method Wilting point (15 atm) 5 0 10 20 15 Days Moisture availability in different irrigation methods

21. Saving of water and increase in yield in Drip Irrigation compared to Surface Irrigation(CWC, 1991)

22. Ankalkhop (MS) co-operative water users society obtained

23. Drip system components • Control head • Control head of drip irrigation includes the following components • i)                    Pump/Overhead tank • ii)                   Filters: a) Media filter, b) Hydro-cyclones or centrifugal filters • or sand separators, c) Screen filters • iii)                 Fertilizer Applicators • iv)                 Pressure regulators • Distribution network i) Main line, Submain line, ii) Laterals, iii) Poly tube • Drippers/Emitters i)      Inline Drippers ii) Online drippers

24. Design of drip irrigation system i) Collection of general information ii)        Layout of the field iii)       Crop-water requirement iv)       Hydraulic design of the system v)        Selection of the components

25. Installation of pumpset

26. Foot-valves

27. Pipeline Selection • Constant diameter pipes • Velocity limit criterion (1.5 m/s) • Critical flow method

28. Economic pipe size

29. Submain

30. 10 9 11 8 3 7 LEGEND 1 Water source 7 Flow control valve 2 Pumpset 8 Submain 3 Fertilizer applicator 9 Lateral pipe 4 Filter 10 Emitter/dripper 5 Watermeter 11 Endcap 6 Mainline 6 2 5 4 1 Layout of Drip Irrigation System

31. Layout

32. Control head

33. Water-meter

34. Screen filter

35. Drip subunit

36. Micro-sprinkler

37. Grid layout

38. Uniformity of distribution

39. Catch can weighing

40. Water spread

41. Point source

42. Pressure measurement

43. Mango under drip

44. Good bearing of guava under drip

45. Cost of the drip equipment under APMIP 2003

46. Future perspectives of microirrigation • Motivation to all potential farmers • Supply of standard material (BIS)/(ASAE) • Proper designs through professionals • Prompt customer service • Development of skills among farmers • Operational research studies • Testing Centers for ‘Quality Control’ • Bank loans at lower interest rates and transparency in implementation of subsidy schemes • Proper marketing and processing facilities

47. Computer based testing facility at CIAE, Bhopal

48. Arizona Drip System

49. Howard Farm

50. Bubbler irrigation