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METABOLIC PATHWAYS

METABOLIC PATHWAYS. ALLOWS CELLS TO USE METABOLITES TO THEIR FULL POTENTIAL. METABOLISM. THE SUM OF ALL CELLULAR REACTIONS. TYPES OF METABOLIC REACTIONS. ANABOLIC VS CATABOLIC. CATABOLISM. AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC. COUPLING AGENTS. ATP. ATP STRUCTURE. ADENINE RIBOSE THREE PHOSPHATE GROUPS.

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METABOLIC PATHWAYS

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  1. METABOLIC PATHWAYS ALLOWS CELLS TO USE METABOLITES TO THEIR FULL POTENTIAL

  2. METABOLISM THE SUM OF ALL CELLULAR REACTIONS

  3. TYPES OF METABOLIC REACTIONS ANABOLIC VS CATABOLIC

  4. CATABOLISM AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC

  5. COUPLING AGENTS ATP

  6. ATP STRUCTURE • ADENINE • RIBOSE • THREE PHOSPHATE GROUPS

  7. THE IMPORTANCE OF HIGH ENERGY BONDS • THIRD PHOSPHATE BOND • UNSTABLE • HYDROLYSIS IS EXERGONINC

  8. ENERGY METABOLISM OXIDATION VS REDUCTION

  9. BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION • REMOVAL OF ELECTIONS IN INORGANIC MOLECULES • REMOVAL OF HYDROGENS IN ORGANIC MOLECULES • DEHYDROGENASES

  10. BIOLOGICAL REDUCTIONS • ADDITIONS OF ELECTRONS IN INORGANIC • ADDITIONS OF HYDROGENS IN ORGANIC • OXIDATION AND REDUCTION MUST OCCUR SIMULTANEOUSLY

  11. COUPLING AGENTS COENZYMES

  12. SUBSTRATES FOR OXIDATION • INORGANIC COMPOUNDS (REDUCED IRON, SULFUR OR NITROGEN) • HEXOSES (FRUCTOSE, GLUCOSE, LACTOSE) • POLYSACCHARIDES • PROTEINS • FATS

  13. GLUCOSE • HEXOSE • MAIN SUGAR IN VERTEBRATES • SUGAR RELEASED FROM STARCH IN PLANTS • CONSTITUENT OF SUCROSE • BEGINNING POINT FOR EMBDEN MYERHOFF, ENTNER DUODOROFF, PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAYS

  14. THE IMPORTANCE OF ELECTRON ACCEPTORS • OXYGEN • OTHER INORGANIC MOLECULES • ORGANIC MOLECULES

  15. AEROBIC RESPIRATION VS FERMENTATION

  16. AEROBIC RESPIRATION • NEED ELECTRON ACCEPTOR FOR OXIDATIONS TO OCCUR • MOST USE OXYGEN • ACCESS TO FULL ENERGY OF GLUCOSE REQUIRES OXIDATION

  17. FERMENTATION • MOST ORGANISMS CAN EXTRACT ENERGY BY EMBDEN MYERHOFF PATHWAY/GLYCOLYSIS • DOES NOT REQUIRE OXYGEN • ELECTRONS ARE GIVEN BACK TO AN ORGANIC MOLECULE THAT IS PYRUVATE OR A DERIVATIVE OF PYRUVATE • LACTATE, ALCOHOL, ACIDS, ETC

  18. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION • USES FINAL INORGANIC ELECTRON ACCEPTOR OTHER THAN ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN

  19. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS BY THEIR USE OF OXYGEN • STRICT OR OBLIGATE AEROBES • STRICT OR OBLIGATE ANAEROBES • FACULATIVE ANAEROBES

  20. EMBDEN - MEYERHOFF PATHWAY GLYCOLYSIS

  21. EMBDEN-MEYERHOFF • TEN STEP PATHWAY • FOUND IN BOTH AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC ORGANSIMS • PYRUVATE IS THE END PRODUCT • CAN BE REDUCED THROUGH FERMENTATION • OR OXIDIZED FURTHER

  22. PRODUCTS OF EMBDEN MEYERHOFF • NADH • ATP • PYRUVATE

  23. PHASES OF THE EMBDEN MEYERHOFF PATHWAY • PREPRATORY AND CLEAVAGE • STEPS 1-5 • OXIDATIVE • STEPS 6 & 7 • ATP GENERATING PHASE • STEPS 8-10

  24. PREPARATION AND CLEAVAGE • FRUCTOSE 1,6 BISPHOSPHATE • TWO TERMINAL PHOSPHATE GROUPS • DHAP AND GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE

  25. DHAP AND GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE • DHAP = KETOSE • GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE = ALDOSE • ONLY GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 PHOSPHATE OXIDIZED

  26. OXIDATION AND ATP GENERATION • NEGATIVE ENERGY YIELD SO FAR • ATP PRODUCTION LINKED TO OXIDATION • GLYCERALDEHYDE 3 DEHYDROGENASE

  27. PYRUVATE & ATP FORMATION • ISOMERIZATION REACTION TO INCREASE AMOUNT OF FREE ENERGY • 3 PHOSPHOGLCERAATE TO 2PHOSPHOGLYCERATE TO PHOSPHENOLPYRUVATE • PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE TO PYRUVATE

  28. IMPORTANCE OF PYRUVATE • BRANCHING POINT • FATE DEPENDS ON ORGANISM AND OXYGEN

  29. CATABOLISM OF GLUCOSE BY CELLULAR RESPIRATION ENERGY RELEASE IS EXACTLY THE SAME AS WHEN SUGAR IS THROWN ONTO A FIRE

  30. BURNING GLUCOSE IN OXYGEN RELEASES 686,00 CALORIES PER MOLE CELLS WILL NOT CAPTURE ALL THIS ENERGY

  31. THE CATABOLISM OF GLUCOSE • GLYCOLYSIS—EMBDEN MERYEHOFF PATHWAY • KREBS CYCLE—TCA CYCLE • ELECTRON TRANSPORT

  32. STEP ONE OF GLYCOLYSIS • SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION OF GLUCOSE • CONVERSION TO GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE • GLUCOSE TRAPPING • HEXOKINASE IS THE ENZYME USED IN EUKARYOTES

  33. HORMONAL REGULATION • MAMMALS REGULATE THIS PHOSPHORYLATION WITH THE HORMONE INSULIN • THERE ARE MANY HORMONES THAT HELP REGULATE SUGAR METABOLISM

  34. STEP TWO OF GLYCOLYSIS • GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHATE IS REARRANGED INTO FRUCTOSE 6 PHOSPHATE • PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE IS THE ENZYME USED

  35. STEP THREE OF GLYCOLYSIS • SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION OF FRUCTOSE 6 PHOSPHATE TO FORM FRUCTOSE 1, 6 DIPHOSPHATE • CAN ALSO BE CALLED FRUCTOSE 1,6 BISPHOSPHATE • PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE IS THE ENZYME USED

  36. IMPORTANCE OF PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE • EXTENSIVELY STUDIED ENZYME • KEY REGULATOR OF GLYCOLYTIC PATHWAY • ACTIVITES STIMULATED BY FRUCTOSE 6 PHOSPHATE, AMP AND ADP • ACTIVITIES INHIBITED BY ATP AND CITRATE

  37. PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE ALLOWS THE CELL TO BALANCE THE RATES OF GLYCOLYSIS AND THE KREBS CYCLE

  38. STEP FOUR OF GLYCOLYSIS

  39. STEP FIVE OF GLYCOLYSIS

  40. NO ENERGY HAS BEEN PRODUCED • IN FACT WE HAVE INVESTED TWO ATPs

  41. STEP SIX OF GLYCOLYSIS

  42. STEP SEVEN OF GLYCOLYSIS

  43. STEP EIGHT OF GLYCOLYSIS • THIS PRIMES THE GLUCOSE FOR ATP PRODUCTION

  44. STEP NINE OF GLYCOLYSIS

  45. STEP TEN OF GLYCOLYSIS

  46. FOUR ATP MOLECULES WILL BE HARVESTED IN THIS PORTION OF THE PATHWAY • TWO ATPs INVESTED EARLIER MUST BE PAID BACK • THE NET YIELD OF GLYCOLYSIS IS 2 ATPs • TWO NADHs

  47. AEROBIC PATHWAYS • TCA CYCLE/KREBS CYCLE • ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM • PRODUCE CARBON DIOXIDE • WATER • ENERGY • STORED AS ATP

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