Metabolic Pathways

1. Metabolic Pathways But first…

2. Labs and Lesson Plans How to Write Lesson Plans

3. Labs and Lesson Plans • What is helpful in a lesson plan? • What area of science • Goals (Students will:) • Benchmarks http://www.edtechpolicy.org/CourseInfo/AssessDesignFlow.gif

4. Labs and Lesson Plans • Information to put it together • How long it will take to assemble • How much it will cost initially http://www.getworksheets.com/samples/lessonplans/science.html

5. Labs and Lesson Plans • How long, how much for additional years? • Cost for consumable supplies • Time for set up, lesson, clean up, improve and store http://oz.plymouth.edu/~wwf/distillation_files/image001.jpg

6. Labs and Lesson Plans • Background – Introduction and Discussion • Introducing this topic, presenting the information your students need to achieve goals of this lesson plan http://www.infovisual.info/02/029_en.html

7. Labs and Lesson Plans • Background, Introduction, Discussion • Spend time researching and writing this section. Quick read in following years, and you are up to speed. http://blog.duarte.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/info-anxiety-2-dogsslideol.gif

8. Labs and Lesson Plans • Directions • Clearly written, step by step directions students follow to achieve stated goals • Include any data sheets needed for completion of this lesson plan http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/insects/ahb/act28.gif

9. Labs and Lesson Plans • Wrap-up • Review of discussion material • Review of experiment • Review of Data • What does it mean? http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/Chlorophyll.jpg

10. Labs and Lesson Plans • Assessment • Evaluating what students gained from this particular experience • Evaluating student preparation for benchmark testing http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/docs/midlsci/images/figure7.gif

11. Labs and Lesson Plans • Transformation • What are the underlying concepts that this particular lesson emphasizes? • Without transforming the specifics of this lesson to the general concept, students rarely make that connection http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/icecryst.gif http://smartden.de/uploads/images/3d/ice_cubes_xs.jpg

12. Metabolic Pathways How cells function

13. Global Warming • Climatic Cycles • Glacial Periods • Global Warming • Causes? • Gases in atmosphere • Carbon Dioxide • Methane • Nitrous Oxide • Water Vapor • Milankovitch cycle http://www.whrc.org/carbon/index.htm

14. Global Warming • Carbon Dioxide • Use of fossil fuels • Burning rainforest • Methane • Rice paddies • Livestock (cows) • Nitrous Oxide • Nitrogen based fertilizers • Industry http://www.nysforum.org/documents/html/2007/execcommittee/may/enterprisepowerconsumptionreduction_files/images/image6.png

15. Milankovitch cycle Eccentricity ~100,000 years. Obliquity ~41,000 years; 21.5° to 24.5° Precession ~26,000 years. Global Warming http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/vis2003/TasaDemo.html

16. Eccentricity • Distance to the sun • 100,000 year cycle • Winter in North at Perihelion, and therefore shorter than summer • Low eccentricity of 0.005 • High eccentricity of 0.058 • Mean eccentricity of 0.028 • Present eccentricity 0.017 • Moving towards low centricity - warming Perihelion Aphelion http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eccentricity_half.svg

17. Obliquity • Tilt of the Axis • 41,000 year cycle • Minimum tilt is 21.1º • Maximum tilt is 24.5º • Currently at 23.5º • Tilt is decreasing - cooling http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png

18. Precession • Wobble like a top • Completes the wobble every ~21,000 years • Other “north stars, Thuban in Draco and Vega in Lyra • Top 10 sec • Both 33 sec http://stardate.org/images/gallery/d_procession.jpg

19. Milankovitch Cycles • These three cycles, in combination, can alter climate • Eccentricity • Obliquity • Precession • Milankovitch 2.38 min http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/research/highlights/section/milankovitch.jpg

20. Global Warming • Other Factors • Volcanos • Gases • Particles in air reflect sunlight energy http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/MSH/Images/MSH80_may_18_eruption_column_05-18-80_bw_med.jpg

21. Gaia • The Gaia hypothesis is an ecological theory that proposes that the living matter of planet Earth functions like a single organism. http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990131.html

22. Equilibrium • Maintained though various cycles http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images2/184waterequi.gif

23. Cycles • In a dynamic system, there are many different cycles • For example, the water cycle http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/graphics/watercyclehigh.jpg

24. Other Important Cycles • Rock Cycle • Carbon Cycle • Nitrogen Cycle • Phosphorous Cycle • Calcium Cycle http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/carbon_cycle/carbon_cycle.jpg

25. Oxygen Cycle • Hypothesized to have originally poisoned Earth’s organisms by changing the atmosphere • Produced ozone • High Energy Electron Accepter http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s4/graphics/embedded/cycleoxygentest.png

26. Cellular Energy • ATP production http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.htm http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/AnimalPhysiology/Anatomy/AnimalCellStructure/Mitochondria/mitochondria.jpg

27. Cellular Respiration • It takes energy to form molecular bonds • Energy is released when bonds are broken • ATP is packaged in discrete units usable by the cell http://www.a3243g.com/a3243g_images/mitochondria.gif

28. Cellular Respiration • Glucose is a simple sugar we get in our food and is the energy source • Breaking the bonds of Glucose yields 36 ATPs http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.htm

29. Cellular Respiration http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.htm

30. Cellular Respiration • Complex series of reactions sent though the electron transport chain to harvest electrons from sugar and donate to oxygen • Three Stages http://porpax.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/makeatp/c9x6cell-respiration.jpg

31. Cellular Respiration • Glycolysis • Outside mitochondria • Produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule • Ancestral - 2 ATP + 4 ATP = 2 ATP http://www.micro.siu.edu/micr201/images/Glycolysis.gif

32. Cellular Respiration • Kreb’s Cycle • Inside Mitochondria • Produces 2 ATP for each glucose molecule http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/611citricacidcyclewhi.gif

33. Cellular Respiration • Electron Transport Chain • Inside Mitochondria • Produces ~32 ATP per glucose molecule http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/images/chemios_il.jpg http://bioweb.cs.earlham.edu/9-12/cellularrespiration/IMAGES/citriccell.JPG

34. O http://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/a/a4/Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Glucose_linear_3D_View.png http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/7/X/a/carbondioxide.jpg http://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/b/b1/Water_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Water_Molecule_VdW.png Cellular Respiration • Needs Oxygen • Waste Product CO2 Tutorial C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy E

35. http://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/a/a4/Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.pnghttp://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/a/a4/Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Glucose_linear_3D_View.png http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/7/X/a/carbondioxide.jpg http://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/b/b1/Water_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Water_Molecule_VdW.png Photosynthesis • Basically, the opposite pathway of cellular respiration • needs CO2 • waste product O2 6CO2 + 6H2O Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 E

36. Photosynthesis • Using sunlight energy, carbon dioxide gas, and water, forms glucose bonds in the chloroplasts http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Photosynthesis/Chloroplast_EN.gif http://www.cam.k12.il.us/hs/teachers/caplingerd/photosynthesis.gif

37. Photosynthesis • Gas exchange in plants • Leaf is generally photosynthetic organ of plant http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/leafstru.gif

38. Questions? BJShaw – Megatherium americanum, Museo de la Plata, La Plata, Argentina 2008