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Topic 1: Phonetics

Topic 1: Phonetics. Raung-fu Chung Southern Taiwan University rfchung@mail.stut.edu.tw. What is phoentics?. Phonetics is a science to study sound structure of human beings. Nature of sounds. Sounds are waveforms, which is continuous without any pauses. For instance, Lukai: akanasukuvevaa.

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Topic 1: Phonetics

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  1. Topic 1: Phonetics Raung-fu Chung Southern Taiwan University rfchung@mail.stut.edu.tw

  2. What is phoentics? Phonetics is a science to study sound structure of human beings.

  3. Nature of sounds Sounds are waveforms, which is continuous without any pauses. For instance, Lukai: akanasukuvevaa

  4. Segmentation: 1. While sounds are continuous, they can be segmented and represented by a system of symbols. 2. IPA (International Phonetic Association or International Phonetic Alphabets) 3. Sound and spelling: English, Malay, Korean, Japanese

  5. Phonetics: • Articulatory phonetics • Auditory phonetics • Acoustic phonetics

  6. Speech organs: Nasal cavity supralarynx Oral cavity Tongue body larynx larynx lungs

  7. Phonation:

  8. Place of articulation: • 1. lips • 2. coronal • 3. Dorsal

  9. Manner of articulation: • Voiced vs. voiceless • Stop (noncontinuent) • Fricative • Affricate • Nasal

  10. Sound categories: Vowels vs. consonants a. oral cavity: with or without friction b. waveforms: periodical vs. aperiodical c. resonants: with or without formants

  11. Sound Waves: English heed [hid] Aperiodical waves Aperiodical & periodical waves Periodical waves

  12. Periodical vs. aperiodical

  13. More articulators Hard palate Soft palate velum uvular

  14. Passive articulators:

  15. Now we are ready for the sound descriptions

  16. Consonants: bilabial stops • Place of articulation: bilabial • Manner of articulation: stops

  17. Characteristics of stop consonants Three steps in manner of articulation 1. inhaling: 2. stop the airstream somewhere in the oral or nasal cavity: 3. release of the airstream:

  18. Consonants: bilabial stops • targets: /b, p, ph, m/ • Place: bilabials • Manners: stops

  19. Voiced: /b/ vs. /p/ /b/: voiced, vocal cords birate in sound production /p/: voiceless

  20. Aspiration: /p/: unaspirated /ph/: aspirated

  21. Vowels:

  22. Vowel quality: formants

  23. Formant tracing: Chinese [shi]

  24. What is a formant? • Ladefoged: A group of overtones corresponding to a resonating frequency of the air in the vocal tract. [P.293] • Laver: They (formants) represent the acoustic consequences of the changing shapes of the mouth and pharynx in terms of the varying frequency-values of the resonances of the vocal tract. [P.103) • Pickett: In speech, the resonances of the vocal tract are called formants.[P.23]

  25. Vocal tract and its type in vowels: Pickett 1999:41

  26. Vocal tract as a tube:

  27. Vocal tract shapes for vowels:

  28. Know further? • The length from the lips to glottis is about 17 cm • The lowest frequency at which such a tube resonates will have a wavelength () 4 times the length of the tube: = 4 x 17 cm = 68 cm 3. The formula for the frequencies of the vocal tract resonance are: F1= c/ ( =4 l , where 1= the length of the tube=17cm) c=34400cm (a constant number for the velocity in the open air) F2=3c/  F3=5c/ 

  29. Formants of English vowels (Olive 1993)

  30. Formants of a student’s English vowels

  31. F1 & F2: a vowel chart

  32. English vowel chart:

  33. Vowels in other languages Southern Min (12 males)

  34. Mandarin Chinese

  35. French:

  36. Southern Min and Hakka: male and female

  37. French:

  38. Hakka: 30 speakers

  39. Hakka: average of 30 speakers

  40. VOT: properties of stop consonants

  41. English VOT

  42. Our studies: NSE VOT

  43. NSE in columns

  44. Hakka VOT: P ph t th k kh ts tsh VOT(ms) 12.0 73.4 14.7 74.3 27.8 87.2 64.7 135.2

  45. Hakka: aspirated vs. unaspirated

  46. SM VOT

  47. Students from different countries for Chinese VOT:

  48. Stop: energy and place

  49. Fricatives: friction noises a. 私 [s] b. 詩 [] c. 西 [i] d. she

  50. Noise frequencies:

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