Center of Integrated Nanomechanical Systems NSEC Grant # 0832819

1. 1 m Center of Integrated Nanomechanical Systems NSEC Grant # 0832819 Pis: Alex Zettl, Arun Majumdar, Tsu-Jae King, Roya Maboudian, Peidong Yang Phase 2 • Electrostatic force actuates cantilever beam • Resistive contact is made in the on state Education & Outreach COINS Application Drivers New Detection Platform Societal Implications Personal and Community Environmental Monitoring (PACMON) Margaret Taylor COINS finds itself at the intersection of three different contexts: regulatory, societal, and environmental. This effort explores these areas, and the interactions between them, in order to increase understanding of the governance of emergence technologies, and to support the responsible development of nanotechnologies, per the National Nanotechnology Initiative’s (NNI) stated goals. This research will inform COINS’ selection of sensing analytes, identify the specific benefits of and risk mitigation strategies for the PANDA platform, and engage appropriate stakeholders to ensure that PACMON technologies are deployed effectively. Further, the team seeks to fulfill the mandates of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, which requires interdisciplinary centers to provide that: “Public input and outreach [are] to be integrated into the Program by the convening of regular and ongoing public discussions, through mechanisms such as citizens’ panels, consensus conferences, and educational events, as appropriate” (117 Stat. 1924). • Today’s personal environmental monitors are bulky, heavy, noisy, and run for only 8 hours at a time with limited sensitivity • COINS goal: better air-quality detection • Should be portable, sensitive, low-cost, low-power • Something that people can use easily • To achieve its mission, COINS is: • Carrying out the basic and applied research necessary to develop, characterize, and integrate a new nanomechanical detection platform • Working to combine nanoscale sensing, power, electronics, wireless communication, and mobility into a single platform Off state: ID = 0 Undergraduate Accomplishments • Summer Research Programs • UC Berkeley has grown from lab internship experience in Years 1 & 2 into a full service summer program in Years 3 and beyond • UC Merced began with 3 interns in their first year and grew to 20 this past summer • 2 patents & 1 start up were the result of a COINS undergraduate research project that was a collaboration between a UC Merced & UC Berkeley faculty member On state: ID VDS State-of-the-art personal environmental monitor. Tagging Tracking, and Locating (TTL) • In Iraq, the military relied on pigeons to let them know when dangerous chemicals were present • Canary in the coal mine: 100 year-old tech. • In earthquake or storm collapsed buildings, difficult to locate people • COINS goal: efficiently detect and track chemical agents, people, other targets • Should be mobile, communicate wirelessly, run for a year • Dimensions no larger than 1x1x1 mm COINS Accomplishment: Electronics Example COINS Accomplishment: Energy Example NEM Relays for Ultra-Low-Power Digital Integrated Circuits Large-Area Silicon Nanostructured Photovoltaics Tsu-Jae King Liu Nanoelectromechanical (NEM) relays offer ideal switching performance: zero off-state leakage, abrupt switching and high on-state conductance, over a wide range of operating temperatures. NEM relays can be co-fabricated with CMOS on the same substrate, for managing CMOS static power consumption, and for ultra-low-power embedded static memory (SRAM). Furthermore, logic operations can also be performed only with NEM relays in a very innovative CMOS-less technology with zero standby power. Due to their high tolerance to radiation and heat, NEM relays can provide for robust electronic systems. As the dimensions of a relay are scaled down, its switching speed increases. The feasibility of high speed relays with ~1ns switching time is now being explored. Peidong Yang and Arun Majumdar One of the primary contributing costs for silicon photovoltaic cells is the starting silicon wafer, which requires extensive purification to maintain reasonable performance. Therefore, reducing the required silicon quality and quantity will help drive large scale implementation of silicon photovoltaics. Using solar cells with nanostructured radial p-n junctions may provide a path to simultaneously solve both of these problems by orthogonalizing the light absorption and charge separation directions while allowing for improved light scattering and trapping. We have developed a simple, scalable fabrication method for making ordered periodic silicon nanowire radial p-n junction solar cell arrays. These cells give efficiencies of up to 3.6% under AM1.5G simulated sunlight with only a 25 micron thick active silicon absorbing layer and 2.7% with an 8 micron absorbing layer, outperforming planar control cells. U.S. military chem/bio threat detection system used in Iraq, 2003. Earthquake-damaged building with difficult access, Mexico City COINS Accomplishment: Mobility Example Highlight: 64% of the UCB 2006 Class has continued on to PhD programs; 57% of them have a focus in nanoscience or nanotechnology. Dynamic Autonomous Sprawled Hexapod (DASH) Roya Maboudian and Ron Fearing DASH is a small, lightweight, power autonomous robot capable of running at speeds up to 15 body lengths per second (see video). Drawing inspiration from biomechanics, DASH has a sprawled posture and uses an alternating tripod gait to achieve dynamic open-loop horizontal locomotion. The kinematic design which uses only a single drive motor and allows for a high power density is presented. The design is implemented using a scaled Smart Composite Manufacturing (SCM) process. Evidence is given that DASH runs with a gait that can be characterized using the spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model. In addition to being fast, DASH is also well suited to surviving falls from large heights, due to the uniquely compliant nature of its structure. DASH has been equipped with gecko-inspired nanofiber arrays giving controllable adhesion for all-terrain mobility. Community College Partnership • Berkeley City College • Nano seminar series began in Spring 08, delivered by COINS scientists • BCC students have participated in Summer Research Program – 2009 participant started the physics program at UCB this fall • Six-week lab internship for BCC physics intructor Dr. Naima Azgui (Summer ’08) to learn concepts, instrumentation, and begin development of curriculum outline Measured ID-VG characteristics of a fabricated NEM relay. 800 nm diam. LDPE nanofibers Climbing slope using high friction nanofibers Highlight: Dr. Azgui has submitted a nano curriculum to the BCC curriculum committee. If approved, it will be incorporated into introductory physics courses for Spring 2010. Diversity Challenge: Increase the diversity of COINS at all levels We have incorporated diversity recruitment into all of our activities and have a strong, comprehensive plan to increase the numbers of underrepresented populations. COINS Accomplishment: Wireless Example • Accomplishments: • Gender diversity among faculty has increased from 20% in Year 3 to 24% in Year 5. • Graduate Hispanic students have increased from 3% in Year 3 to 22% in Year 5. Carbon Nanotube Radio Alex Zettl (UCB). W have constructed a fully functional, fully integrated radio receiver, orders-of-magnitude smaller than any previous radio, from a single carbon nanotube. The single nanotube serves, at once, as all major components of a radio: antenna, tuner, amplifier, and demodulator.   The antenna and tuner are implemented in a radically different manner than traditional radios, receiving signals via high frequency mechanical vibrations of the nanotube rather than through traditional electrical means. The nanotube radio's extremely small size could enable radical new applications such as radio controlled devices small enough to exist in the human bloodstream, or simply smaller, cheaper, and more efficient wireless devices such as cellular phones. COINS Accomplishments: Sensing Example TNT Selective Coating for Nanoscale Sensing Platform Seung-Wuk Lee and Arun Majumdar The development of fully integrated sensing devices that can perform real-time monitoring of personal or community exposure to toxic chemicals and biological hazards remains an enormous challenge. We have developed a sensitive nano-coating method that can be used to immobilize the selective receptors onto device platforms with intact binding efficacy of these recognition peptides. Coating technologies for TNT and DNT peptides using polymer matrices were developed, which we demonstrated using sensitive quartz crystal microbalance. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and computer modeling, we were able to elucidate the molecular level mechanism of the specific binding properties of the TNT recognition peptide.   University of California, Berkeley (Lead Institution) California Institute of Technology Keith Schwab (Physics, Applied Physics, Bioengineering) Michael Roukes (Physics, Applied Physics, Bioengineering) Stanford University Beth Pruitt (Mechanical Engineering) Tom Kenny (Mechanical Engineering) Roger Howe (Electrical Engineering) University of California, Merced Valerie Leppert (School of Engineering) Christopher Viney (School of Engineering) Paul Alivisatos (Chem, MSE) Daryl Chrzan (MSE) Michael Crommie (Physics) Ronald Fearing (EECS) Amy Herr (BioE) Ali Javey (EECS) Tsu-Jae King Liu (EECS) Luke Lee (Bioengineering) Liwei Lin (ME) Seung-Wuk Lee (BioE) Roya Maboudian (ChemE) Arun Majumdar (ME) Kris Pister (EECS) Darrell Porcello (LHS) Ramamoorthy Ramesh (MSE, Physics) Sayeef Salahuddin (EECS) Rachel Segalman (ChemE) Ting Xu (MSE) Margaret Taylor (Public Policy) Feng Wang (Physics) Junqiao Wu (MSE) Peidong Yang (Chem) Alex Zettl (Physics) 10 Represented Departments: Applied Physics, Bioengineering, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Environmental Science, Policy & Management, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Materials Science and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Physics