Foundations of History

1. Foundations of History Asian History and Civilization

2. Prehistory History Civilization Culture Asian Definition of Terms

3. Terms Pre-history – the period of human progress before people kept written records History – comes from a Greek word ἱστορία – historia, meaning "inquiry, knowledge acquired by investigation" – a chronological record of significant events (as affecting a nation or institution) often including an explanation of their causes Civilization – An advanced state of intellectual, cultural, and material development in human society Culture – the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief, and behavior that depends upon the capacity for learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations Asia – comes from the word Asuwhich means “place of the rising sun”

4. For the early Greeks like Aristotle… • “History is a systematic explanation of a natural phenomenon regardless if it is chronological or not.”

5. Leopold Von Ranke- Father of Scientific History

6. Kinds of Sources

7. Examples of Sources • diaries • memoirs • biography • speeches • letters • pamphlet • Statistics • Codified laws, orders, decrees • Government records • Inscriptions on stones, metals • Monuments, cemeteries, churches • Money and coins • Oral traditions

8. Am I an art or science? - History

9. HISTORY AS SCIENCE • As a social science, history follows the scientific method.

10. HISTORY AS A SCIENCE • History is more of a science because it is primarily based on facts • Historian follows a rigorous method in history writing- historical methodology.

11. Historical Process • Choosing Framework • Gathering Data • Analyzing Data and Understanding the Meaning and Relevance of the Data (External and Internal Criticism) • Reconstructing History

12. What is historical criticism? • In historical methodology, sources must be authentic and credible • It examines the authenticity and credibility of sources • It has two levels.

13. External criticism • Examines the physical appearance of the document (example: color of paper used, condition and characteristics of the paper, ink used, handwriting style, etc. ) • Answers the following questions: • What, where, when and how was the document acquired? • Is the document original or a copy of the original • Is the document primary or secondary? • Is the document authentic?

14. Internal criticism • Higher level of criticism • Examines the content and interpretation of the document • Examines the content of the document • Examine the words used in the document

15. HISTORY AS AN ART • History is an art because the historian interprets facts from sources. • When the historian writes history, it must be well-organized, coherent and elegant.

16. Is history related to the other social sciences? • Use of theories and methods of other social sciences • Led to the creation of other subfields of history • political history • economic history • cultural history • social history • environmental history

17. Related Social Science Geography - The study of the earth and its features and of the distribution of life on the earth, including human life and the effects of human activity Political Science - The study of the processes, principles, and structure of government and of political institutions; politics. Economics - Deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and with the theory and management of economies or economic systems. . Sociology - The study of human social behavior, especially the study of the origins, organization, institutions, and development of human society

18. Psychology - The emotional and behavioral characteristics of an individual, group, or activity Ethics - The study of the general nature of morals and of the specific moral choices to be made by a person; moral philosophy. Anthropology - The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans. Religion - A personal or institutionalized system grounded in such belief and worship Archaeology - is the study of past human societies primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material culture and environment

19. Geological Features of Asia Location, Topography, Climate and Resources

20. Major Topographic Features • Mountain Ranges - Himalayas, Karakorum, Hindu Kush, Urals, Caucasus • Highest Mountains - Mt. Everest, Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu • Largest Lakes -Aral Sea, Lake Baikal, Caspian Sea, Dead Sea • Major Rivers - Chao Phraya, Euphrates, Ganges, Huang Ho, Indus, Irrawaddy, Jordan,Yenisey Lowest Area - Dead Sea Coast

21. How was Asia formed?

22. Geography of Asia’s sub-regions • NORTHASIA - characterized by a continuous cover of plants or grasslands - Grasslands are classified into 3 types: steppes - continuous mat of shallow-rooted short grasses prairies - characterized by tall and deeply-rooted grasses savannas - characterized by the mingling of forests and grasslands • Boreal forest and taiga vegetation is found in North Asia Boreal – coniferous forest Taiga – marshy pine forest

23. South Asia’s Geography • Home to majority of the world’s highest mountains - Himalayan Mountain range - Mount Everest - Mount Kanchenjunga - Hindu Kush - Khyber Pass

24. West Asia’s Geography • 3 physical region is found in this region: Northern Tier, Arabian peninsula and the Fertile Crescent Northern Tier – characterized by the presence of mountainsand plateaus Arabian peninsula – surrounded by bodies of water Fertile Crescent – consists of fertile land with sufficient water

25. ArabianCountries Gulf States Saudi Arabia Lebanon Jordan Syria Iraq Kuwait Afghanistan Yemen Oman UAE Qatar Bahrain Iran Israel Cyprus Turkey Georgia Armenia

26. East Asia’s Geography • This region is consist of various physical features • China – Gobi Desert, Mongolian and Tibetan plateaus3 river systems: Huang Ho, Yangtze, Xi Jiang • Japan – separated from mainland East Asia bythe Korean Strait- compose of Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshuand Hokkaido

27. Southeast Asia’s Geography

28. Mainland Southeast Asia Insular Southeast Asia Philippines Indonesia Malaysia Brunei Singapore East Timor (Timor Leste) Myanmar Thailand Vietnam Laos Cambodia

29. Monsoons in Asia • Northeast Monsoons – November to February (amihan) winds from the continent moves toward the bodies of water • Southwest Monsoons – May to September (habagat) winds from the bodies of water toward the continent