Foundations of America

1. Foundations of America Civics & Economics M. Teal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2ON2vKyjWk

2. Colonial Regions • New England • Massachusetts • Connecticut • New Hampshire • Rhode Island

3. New England Colonies • Climate & Geography • Long winters = Short growing seasons • Rocky Soil • Shoreline is ideal for shipping • Economy • Shipping, manufacturing, fishing & subsistence farming • Strength was port cities (Boston)

4. The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620

5. The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620 Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship. Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule. Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings. Stated loyalty to the King, but allowed the colonists to make their own laws

6. New England Town Meetings - 1629 • Extended self-government in the colonies • Direct Democracy

7. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut-1639 • First written constitution in the colonies • Established civil liberties and promoted self-rule in the colonies

8. Colonial Regions • Middle Colonies • New York • Pennsylvania • Delaware • New Jersey

9. Middle Colonies • Climate & Geography • Winters shorter & less severe • Rich soil • Some areas allow for harbors (N.Y.C. & Philadelphia) • Economy • Known as the Breadbasket colonies for the focus on wheat & other grain crops • Trading furs, manufacturing & shipping was also popular

10. Pennsylvanian Society No provision for military defense. No restrictions on immigration. No slavery!! “Blue Laws” [sumptuary laws] against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc. A society that gave its citizens economic opportunity, civil liberty, & religious freedom!!

11. John Peter Zenger Trial- 1734 • Jury ruled Zenger was not guilty of libel of the governor • Established freedom of the press in the colonies

12. Colonial Regions • Southern Colonies • Maryland • Virginia • North Carolina • South Carolina • Georgia

13. Southern Colonies • Climate & Geography • Short winters = Long growing seasons • Rich soil near the coast • Poor harbors, but good river systems • Economy • Focused on plantation farming of cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo) • N.C. produced naval stores (ship building materials) • Very little manufacturing, fishing, or shipping • Largest importer of African slaves

14. Indentured Servitude • HeadrightSystem • Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid. Indentured Contract, 1746

15. Growing Political Power • The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England • 1st legislature in the colonies • Established representative gov’t and self-rule from England • A Council appointed by royal governor • Mainly leading planters.

16. MD Toleration Act, 1649

17. A Haven for Catholics • Baltimore permitted high degree of freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by Protestants. • Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 • Supported by the Catholics in MD. • Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS. • Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus

18. Richard Frethorne’s1623 Letter • In-Class Activity: • Describe the life of the indentured servant as presented in this letter. • What are some of the problems he and the other servants experienced? • What are their biggest fears? • What does a historian learn about life in the 17c Chesapeake colony?

19. Reasons for Settling in the 13 Colonies (The 3 G’s) • God (religious freedom) • Puritans/Pilgrims in MA • John Winthrop referred to the colony as a “City Upon a Hill” • William Penn in PA • Religious tolerance for all Christians • Catholics in MD • Lord Baltimore • Gold (economic opportunity) • Fur Trading in NY, NJ & DE • Cash Crops in VA, NC, SC • Glory (make a name for ones self)

20. Magna Carta-1215 • Took power from the King and gave it to the nobles • Turned England into a limited monarchy, • Established the concept of a limited gov’t

21. Colonial Government – 1600s • The King appointed Colonial Governors • Colonists voted for members of a legislature (assembly) to make their own laws

22. Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676 • Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley • Bacon suddenly died • Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion & hung 20 rebels. • Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel - BLACK SLAVES!! Nathaniel Bacon GovernorWilliam Berkeley

23. Governor Berkeley’s“Fault Line”

24. The Characteristics of the Enlightenment • Rationalism  reason is the arbiter of all things. • Freedom ->Of thought and expression; Bring liberty to all men • Constitutionalism • Written constitutions

25. Enlightenment Thinker • List his/her country and areas of interest underneath the name • Summarize… • 1. …each person’s philosophy/beliefs • 2. …how this philosopher influenced the creation of America and its government

26. John Locke (1632-1704) • Two Treatises ofGovernment, 1690 • Human beings possess free will. • Legislators owe their power to a contract with the people.

27. John Locke (1632-1704) • There are certain natural rights that are endowed by God to all human beings. • life, liberty, property! • He favored a republic as the best form of government.

28. Montesquieu (France) • “Separation of Powers” between branches of gov’t to prevent tyranny • Ex: England • Parliament-made laws • King-enforced laws • Judges-interpreted laws

29. Jean Jacques Rousseau (France) • Without rules people will kill each other • People form gov’ts and forego freedoms for self-preservation • People and gov’t have a “social contract”

30. Rousseau’s Philosophy • In The Social Contract: • Individual moral freedom could be achieved only by learning to subject one’s individual interests to the “General Will.” • Individuals did this by entering into a social contract not with their rulers, but with each other. • However, the individual could be “forced to be free” by the terms of the social contract.

31. Voltaire (1712-1778) • AKA  Francois Marie Arouet. • Candide, 1759 • Men are equal; it is not birth, but virtue that makes the difference. • I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.

32. Mercantilism • A system where the mother country (England) uses colonies (13 colonies) for economic gain • The role of the colony is to make money for the mother country through trade

34. Favorable Balance of Trade • When a country exports (sells goods) more than it imports (buys goods) Table of Contents

35. The Great Awakening • A religious movement that promoted individual experiences with God, not church leaders in England • Swept the 13 colonies, helping to unify them

36. The way to become boring is to say everything.

37. Navigation Acts – 1600s • Laws stating colonies were only allowed to trade with England • Colonists wanted to trade with other nations for more $

38. French and Indian War – 1754-1763 • Fought between England & France • After winning, England had built up a large debt from the war

39. Proclamation of 1763 • Created the Proclamation Line which forbade colonists from moving into the Ohio Valley • Further upset colonists

40. Stamp Act - 1765 • A special tax put on all paper goods in the colonies • Colonists refused to pay the tax and boycotted taxed items

41. “No Taxation without Representation” (p.5) • Colonial statement that it was unfair for England to tax the colonies if the colonists didn’t have a say in the tax.

42. Tea Act - 1773 • Colonists were forced to buy all tea from the British East India Company • Colonies boycotted the tea

43. The Boston Tea Party- 1773 • In protest to the Tea Act, the Sons of Liberty (a protest group) destroyed British tea by throwing it into the harbor

44. Intolerable (or Coercive) Acts - 1774 • England punished Boston for the Tea Party by closing Boston’s harbor and taking away civil liberties

45. Olive Branch Petition • We your Majesty's faithful subjects …entreat your Majesty’s gracious attention to this our humble petition. • We shall decline the ungrateful task of describing the irksome variety of artifices practised by many of your Majestys ministers, the delusive pretences, fruitless terrors, and unavailing severities

46. Second Continental Congress 1776 • Jefferson writes the Declaration of Independence which explains why the colonies want to separate from England

47. Common Sense by Thomas Paine • Main Points • The colonies are too far away and too big for England to rule. • Colonies would be better off without England • Persuaded many colonists that is was time to separate from England

48. Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness; …but Government…in its worst state an intolerable one: and this he is induced to do by the same prudence which in every other case advises him, out of two evils to choose the least. …whatever form thereof appears most likely to ensure it to us, with the least expense and greatest benefit, is preferable to all others. …let us suppose a small number of persons settled in some sequestered part of the earth, unconnected with the rest;

49. Declaration of Independence (1776) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uZfRaWAtBVg

50. Declaration of Independence • Page 60 • Make a list of Natural Rights mentioned • Make a list of grievances