Aquaculture development – 40 years lesson

1. Aquaculture development – 40 years lesson Dr. Torbjørn Åsgård Director of research torbjorn.asgard@nofima.no www.nofima.no

2. Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth Aquaculture plays a rapidly growing role in the global production of seafood* Aquaculture, China Aquaculture, World excluding China Wildcatch, China Wildcatch, World excluding China Part used for food, World Source: FAO

3. Global production in aquacultutre

4. Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth The aquaculture business* has several segments, with intensive farming growing in relative importance • Intensive fish farming: Fish farming controlled environment and feeding to maximise production • Extensive fish farming: Fish farming largely relying on natural environmental conditions Ex farm sales main species 2004 Ex farm sales main species 2009 13 % Intensive finfish farming 14 % Extensive finfish farming 37 % Shrimp farming 45 % 21 % 21 % Shellfish farming (oysters, etc) 28 % 21 % € 38 billion € 48 billion * Excluding Algea and Seaweed Source: Nofima, FAO;

5. Atlantic Salmon Chinook (King) salmon Coho (silver) salmon Sea trout European seabass Gilthead seabream Atlantic cod Tilapia Sales to US** Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth Salmon still dominates the intensively farmed finfish business, followed by trout, bass and bream. Tilapia is switching from largely extensive to more intensive Intensive Aquaculture Fish production* MT * In addition 250.000 MT of trout is farmed in Europe, Source: FAO ** Sales to US is estimated to be +/- 1/4 of global intensive farmed tilapia in 2004

6. Trends in modern aquaculture – Aquaculture markets – Size and growth Significant growth is expected in aquaculture for the coming years (4% p.a.), particularly in intensive farming (7% p.a.) Expected developments in main aquaculture species Source: AKVAFORSK estimates, FAO

7. Global aquaculture 2004 (from FAO) Quantity in million tonnes Freshwater fishes 24 Aquatic plats 14 Molluscs 13 Crustaceans 4 Diadromous fish 3 Marine fish 1.5 Value in billion USD Freshwater fishes 25 Aquatic plats 7 Molluscs 10 Crustaceans 14 Diadromous fish 8 Marine fish 5 2009 Fish from aquaculture and consume fisheries equal in quantity

8. Production of salmon in Norway

9. Production of marine species in Norway

10. Total aquaculture and fishery in Norway

11. Latvia Common carp: 92% Gold fish: 3% Sturgeon: 2% Nothern pike: 2% Rainbow trout: 1% Estonia Rainbow trout: 75% Common carp: 11% Sturgeon: 8% European eel: 6% Lithuania Common carp: 95% Rainbow trout: 3% Gold fish: 1% Nothern pike: 1% Poland Rainbow trout: 51% Common carp: 47% Sturgeons: 1% Catfish: 1% Production in Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania and Poland (2006)

12. From 1973 From 1971

13. Species to start with and where to start ? • Salmon • Rainbow trout • Fresh water trout • Sea Trout • Arctic char • Crossings • Marine species • Fresh water species • Warm water species

14. What has changed in Norway? Salmon vs honey Independent industry vs addition to fishing or farming Early ears: small units - high cooperation fast developments To day: large units – cooperation and competition Cooperation: industry – research institutions – public administration To day: 3 times more salmon meat than meat from all traditional domestic animals together

15. Research through the value chain Market and consumer Slaughter and processing Sea water phase Fresh water phase Brood stock and eggs Fish feed Raw material Efficiency, quality and food safety

16. From basic research to application • Contract research • Project duration of 0,3 – 1 year • Private funding (often included public incentives) • Research projects with industry participation • Long term projects – 1-3 years • Public/private funding • Basic competence building and research • Long term projects – 3-10 years • Public funded

17. Nofima’s major research areas within aquaculture: • Genetics and selective breeding • Nutrition and feed development • Knowledge about raw materials • Fish welfare • Disease prevention • Sustainable production • Processing and product development • Marine Biotechnology

18. Breeding and genetics • More than 30 years of experience from applied genetic research in aquaculture species • The research activity of the institute is conducted in close collaboration with the aquaculture sector, securing rapid implementation of important results. • Till date, basic research and applied work on genetic improvement based on selective breeding have covered 11 species worldwide • Increased growth rate • Increased feed conversion ratio • Increased disease resistance

19. Produductivity 1940 Broiler 300 Cow Pig Productivity, % (Ref. 1940) 200 Salmon Tilapia 100 Year 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Modifisert etter Eknath et al., 1991

20. Significantly shorter production cycle 15% increase per generation

21. S - W, % Growth +113 Feed consumption +40 Protein retention +9 Energy retention +14 FCR, feed/gain -20 Genetic gain, Atlantic salmon Selected (5G) vs. Wild Thodesen et. al., 1999 Nofima Marin presentasjon

22. Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia Higher survival rates GIFT tilapia with 90% faster growth (5 gens) Three fish crops per year (vs 2) Has had large impact on overall fish production in Asia & Latin America Lead to higher productivity, profit and yield potential. UNDP, ADB Phillipines Institutes and Universities

23. The cost of producing salmon % Salmon farming in Norway 2003

24. Changes in composition of salmon feed

25. SALMON FEED DEVELOPMENT IN NORWAY:Feed cost per kg fish (fixed 2006 prices) Euros/kg IMPORTANT FACTORS: • Dry feed • High energy diets • Reduced FCR • Replacement of fish meal and oil • Reduced feed price • Feed management • Reduced FCR

26. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) in Norwegian Salmon farming

27. Feed development for many species internationally • Cod • Salmon • Rainbow trout • Arctic char • Striped bass • Sturgeon • Tilapia • Sea urchins • King crab • Lobster • Shrimp • Oysters • Scallops • Sole • Halibut

28. Production related disorders - deformities Septum defect Deformed head

29. Chasing deformity genes Nofima has found a link between temperature and heart deformities: We have found the gene that codes for Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), that regulates heart development negatively Expression of this gene is controlled by temperature during embryogenic development  High temperature gives increased production of ANP, which supresses the development of the heart Spine deformities in salmon induced by temperature at egg incubation Identified by x-ray at size 60-80g %  incubation temperature for eggs were immediately adjusted by the industry 8 oC 10 oC Stable temperatures Deformities

31. Feed and nutrition Lipid, lipid metabolism, cell culture Feedstuffs, feed formulation, feed technology, feeding Protein, amino acids, metabolism Preventivehealth Pigmentation

32. Nofima – an important player in international aquaculture R&D • We have had aquaculture projects in more than 25 countries around the world • Nofima will increase its international focus through projects and by establishing sub-units in selected countries (First Chile, then Asia?)

33. Thank you! torbjorn.asgard@nofima.no www.nofima.no