Aspects of Greek Culture

1. Aspects of Greek Culture The Living Tradition and Folklore

2. Greek Identity • Greek identity is determined “not only by the inanimate structures that belong to bygone times but by the living tradition" • Ahrweiler-The Making of Europe • The problem of historical continuity, of succession, and of cultural heritage was posited quite squarely by and to the Greeks both before and after the period of national regeneration.

3. Greek Identity • A synoptic term for the coherent nature of a conscious group, the word Hellenic, or Greek, was first defined by Herodotus. Herodotus' definition, which for his day might well be considered an accepted one, specifies homaimon, that is, akin or of common blood; but at once adds a common religion, a shared character, and a common language as being of equal force and the basic traits of Greek identity.

4. Greek Identity • Isocrates • Evidence of participation in patterns of Greek life was determined not birth or Greek descent, but chiefly, by participation in a generally, Greek education which of itself allowed unimpeded access to works of Greek literature.

5. Aspects of Greek Culture • Due to the geographical formation of Greece, Greek folklore traditions are often highly localized with obvious distinctions between the various geographical territories. • However some elements are accepted at large, especially the ones related to the traditions of the Greek Orthodox Church.

7. Greek Orthodox Traditions • Christmas (December 25) • Christopsomo or Christ Bread was/is the centerpiece of traditional Greek Christmas table, as well as large quantities of dried figs, nuts and honey. • http://greekfood.about.com/od/greekbreadspitas/r/christopsomo.htm

8. Greek Orthodox Traditions • Singing carols from door to door is a tradition that is still widely observed even in city areas where the traditional heritage seems to fizzle out more quickly. Traditionally children sing from door to door as a way of announcing the arrival of the 12 days of Christmas, firstly offering their compliments to the house and residents and ending with requests for gifts, which in older days came in the form of sweets and biscuits, while nowadays cash - is definitely more appreciated. • Carols are sung on two date (December 24 for Christmas and on December 31 for New Year’s Day)

11. Greek Orthodox Traditions • Greeks traditionally exchange their season's gifts on New Year's or AgiosVassilis' (St Basil's) Day. According to Greek carols and customs, it is this Greek Orthodox holy martyr, hailing from the depths of Asia, who has the lucky gift-giving task - not St Nicholas. In older days, families would place a large log in the fireplace for AgiosVassilis to step on as he slipped down the chimney with a bag of toys. And in some areas of Greece it was believed that Christ himself visited via the chimney to check on the preparations for the Christmas feast.

13. Greek Orthodox Traditions • The chimney was, and to some still is, the passage through which the cunning and quasi-sinister kallikantzari would arrive to cause havoc to naughty children, drunks and the lazy. The kallikantzari are imagined to be tall, black and ugly goblin-like creatures, with red eyes and hairy bodies. For Greeks, keeping the fire burning during the 12-day period from Christmas Eve through to the Epiphany on January 6 was once a way of keeping the kallikantzari at bay.

16. Greek Orthodox Traditions • Easter, ‘Pascha’ in Greek, is the most sacred and celebrated of all Greek holidays. The word ‘Pascha’ comes from Hebrew and it means ‘pass over’. • Easter begins with a 40-day fasting, ending within the Holy Week during which a complete fasting diet is followed. No meats, dairy, fish, poultry or dishes that are prepared with these foods can be eaten.

17. Greek Orthodox Traditions • The Greek Orthodox Church does not always celebrate Easter on the same date as the Catholic or Protestant Church does. The reason is that the Orthodox Church uses the Julian calendar when calculating Easter.

18. Greek Orthodox Traditions • Good Friday • Most shops and businesses are closed and flags are flown at half-mast in commemoration to Christ.On Friday evening the coffin of Christ is decorated with gold cloth and fresh flowers, where the faithful bow and stoop to kiss the symbolic body of Christ.After this follows the procession of the ' Epitaphios' which is carried out of the church and paraded through the streets in a lengthy funeral procession.

19. Epitaphios

24. Greek Orthodox Traditions • 'Anastasi' - resurrection is the most important day of the Easter calendar. At midnight all the lights are extinguished in the church and the priest comes from behind the doors of the altar carrying a candle. He walks to somebody in the front row and lights their candle, this person with his pass the light from candle to candle and the light fills the church. The light is a symbol of the resurrection. Everyone kisses one another and say 'Christos Anesti' - Christ has risen, 'AlithosAnesti' - truly He has risen. The candle is carried back home, taking care the flame is not extinguished. At the house 3 crosses are made with the flame above the entrance door, in order to bless the house and its inhabitants by the light of Christ's resurrection. It is also customary to light a huge bonfire in the churchyard to burn Judas, the apostle who betrayed Jesus

25. Greek Orthodox Traditions • It is tradition after the mass, when the people go home they sit down and eat 'mageiritsa' a soup made of lamb's innards bringing the fasting to an end. After the 'mageirista' dyed red, hard-boiled eggs are brought to the table. The egg is a symbol of Resurrection, representing the emergence of Christ from His tomb to everlasting life. The red color signifies the blood of Christ. The tradition is that people rap their eggs against their relatives' eggs and the owner of the last un-cracked egg is considered lucky.

28. Greek Traditional Costumes • The costumes of Greece are a beautiful part of a very rich cultural history • Some of the characteristics of Greek folk costumes can be traced back to elements in ancient Hellenic and Byzantine costumes. • The costumes of the mainland and of the islands are different.

29. Greek Traditional Costumes

30. Women’s Costume from Mainland Greece

31. Crete

33. Greek Folk Dance • Very little has survived to give us an indication of what ancient Greek dance or music was like. No secular music was notated during the Byzantine Empire. • NikolaosPolitis, the greatest Hellenic folklorist of all, documented and published the most extensive works of folklore traditions and customs. • Politis believed that a significant amount of present-day traditions were based on ideas that were virtually timeless, but were distinctive and unarguably Greek in the way in which they were expressed.

34. Greek Folk Dance • Greek dancing unites the Greeks to each other and reinforces the essence of community. • The circle dance has been danced in Greece since ancient times. Researchers have found many artworks depicting dance poses from the ancient and Byzantine periods which bear a striking resemblance to the Greek dances of today. Indeed, certain dances (Hasapiko, Kalamatiano, Serra, & Tsakoniko) can be traced back hundreds or thousands of years.

35. Greek Folk Dance

39. Greek Superstitions • The Evil Eye • Matiasma, malocchio, mal de ojo. Greek, Italian and Spanish for the evil eye. Its modern presence can be felt most strongly in Mediterranean nations, as well as in India and the Spanish-influenced South American countries.

40. Greek Superstitions • To most Greeks, those who cause matiasma are not bad people, though some do believe that only malicious, envious individuals cause the ailment. The afflicted become sluggish and nauseous and suffer from a feeling of “having something inside you” – a lump in the throat. Some believe that matiasma can kill or maim livestock, cause mechanical failure in machinery, even topple carts of fruit and brick walls.

42. Greek Superstitions • Infants are especially susceptible. A young baby can die if the cure is not administered in time. Those who are aware of the dangers of praise often spit after paying a compliment. They may make a spitting motion or sound when offering praise to a newborn, or mutter “let it not be bewitched.”

43. Greek Superstitions • For adults, matiasma is not usually considered to be life-threatening. The cure – xematiasma – is relatively simple, though it varies from person to person, as does the manner of diagnosis. • If someone is afflicted by matiasma, a drop of oil placed in a glass of water sitting before the patient will dissolve rather than float on the surface. • The Greek Orthodox Church also believes in the evil eye, and they refer to it as "Baskania".

44. Greek Superstitions • Never hand some one a knife. Set it down and let them pick it up, or else you will get into a fight with that person.  • Greeks believe very much in the power of garlic to keep evil away. You will usually find beautiful braids of Garlic, or some huge, one of a kind head, dangling in the entrances of shops, restaurants and homes. It is thought that garlic not only wards off the evil eye but also keeps away evil spirits and demons.

45. Greek Superstitions • Bread is considered a gift from God. No bread is ever thrown away. If it is not eaten in some way or another, it is fed to the animals - chickens or pigs, and even dogs, as it would be a sin for it to end up in the garbage and has to be consumed by some living creature.

46. Greek Superstitions • Greek Orthodox priests are very revered. When greeting one, it is customary to kiss his hand or ring in respect. But it’s considered a bad omen to see one walking in the street, and most folk whisper ‘Skorda (garlic)’ under their breath.

47. Greek Superstitions • Greeks spit for a number of superstitious reasons. The most common is to keep evil away from you. For example, if you hear of some one speaking of misfortune or bad news, and fear the possibility of the same thing happening to you, you would spit three times on your own person. Greeks say " Ftise Ston Korfo Sou" or loosely translated, spit on yourself/your cleavage. It wards off the evil from coming to you. Now I’m not talking about drawing from the depths of your throat… a simple little spray will do. Spit three times and remember …Ptew not Phtewwey.

48. Greek Superstitions • Sometimes two people have the same thought and speak the same words at the same time. Take for example two girlfriends going out shopping together and stopping to admire a dress in a window. They both say ‘That’s Beautiful’ simultaneously. • Greeks believe this to be an omen that those two persons will get into a fight and they say to ‘Piase Kokkino’ or ‘Touch Red’ to avoid the argument. Both persons have to touch something that’s red, right then and there. Any item will do, clothing, food – anything.

49. Greek Superstitions • Tuesday the 13th of the month that is considered unlucky in Greece and not Friday the 13th. • The Fall of Constantinople • Constantinople was so heavily defended by its' surrounding walls that even when it fell it was a surprise to the west.  It was unimaginable that such a well constructed defense, the best ever in the world at the time could be breached.

50. Greek Superstitions • The number 13 on its own is not an unlucky number in Greek culture. The opposite is often  considered true by many Greeks, that is that the number thirteen is considered to be lucky.  Some areas in Greece say that the number 13 represents the 12 apostles and Christ with Christ being the 13th member.