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Aggressors on the March

Aggressors on the March. The Final Years before WWII. How do the totalitarian governments of Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini lead to WWII?. Add to your timeline: . Europe: 1922: Mussolini March on Rome 1924: Nazi Party becomes an official German political party

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Aggressors on the March

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  1. Aggressors on the March The Final Years before WWII

  2. How do the totalitarian governments of Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini lead to WWII?

  3. Add to your timeline: Europe: 1922: Mussolini March on Rome 1924: Nazi Party becomes an official German political party 1929: Stalin becomes dictator of USSR Great Depression hits Pacific: 1922: Japan signs a treaty to respect China’s borders 1928: Kellogg Briand Pact

  4. Japan • Even though Japan was not considered a totalitarian country, they had some similarities • They also were one of the key leaders in starting WWII

  5. Japan’s Democracy • 1920’s Japan signed agreements to not use war as a policy tool (Kellogg-Briand Pact) • But Japan’s government had little control over the military • When the Great Depression hit, the Government was blamed and military leaders took control of the nation

  6. How were they like other Totalitarian systems? • Japan was… • Ultra-Nationalistic • Militaristic • Wanted to conquer neighbors (China) to end economic crisis • Wanted room for the Japanese people at the expense of others

  7. Invasion of Manchuria (China’s Northeastern Province) • Why?? • Manchuria was…Rich in Coal and Iron • 1931 • Japan’s Military occupied the province and set up a Puppet Government • League of Nations protested this violation of international peace but did nothing to stop Japan • So…in 1933 Japan withdrawals from the League of Nations

  8. Japan invades China • On the border of Manchuria and China shots are fired between the Japanese Army and the “Chinese” Army (it was faked by the Japanese Army to start the war) • China’s large army was no match for the better trained and equipped Japanese forces

  9. The Chinese civil war between the nationalist and the communists is put on hold as all of China unites to fight the Japanese. • In less than 6 months Beijing and Nanking are captured by Japan • The Rape of Nanking, where 300,000 to 600,000 civilians were killed by the Japanese Army

  10. Read “Rape of Nanking”

  11. 1935: Mussolini attacks Ethiopia

  12. 1935: Mussolini attacks Ethiopia Why? revenge for Italy’s loss in 1889 and to build an empire Ethiopian army is no match for Italian tanks, airplanes and poison gas Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia (previous advisor to Menelik II), asks League of Nations for help League does nothing, Selassie warns “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow.”

  13. Hitler defies the Versailles Treaty

  14. Hitler Defies Versailles Treaty • 1935 announces that Germany is rebuilding Armed Forces • 1936 German Troops occupy the Rhineland • part of Germany • but demilitarized after WWI • buffer zone between Germany/France • Scared of starting a world war France does nothing!

  15. Alliances are formed • 1936, Hitler, Mussolini and Japan form an alliance called the Axis Powers.

  16. 1936: Civil War in Spain • Nationalist (Fascists) under General Francisco Franco rebels against the Republicans (Liberals and Socialists) • Germany and Italy send airplanes and soldiers to help Franco and test new weapons. • France, the UK, and the US do nothing to support the Republicans. • Only the Soviet Union sends equipment and advisors.

  17. GuernicaPablo Picasso, 1937 • Picasso was a famous Spanish painter, 1881-1973. • The canvas is very large, 11x 25 feet

  18. Depicts the bombing of Guernica, a historical Spanish Basque town, by the Nazis. • Killed a thousand people, one out of eight people.

  19. What were the Causes of the Spanish Civil War? • tensions between industrial democratic peoples and supporters of agrarian feudalism • regional independence movements (especially in Catalonia and Basque territory) vs. nationalism • dispute over the role of the Catholic Church

  20. Spanish Civil War1936-1939 • Until 1931 Spain was a monarchy • In 1931 a republic was established, run by socialist and liberals (called “Republicans”). • Spain was facing many problems, especially during the economic depression. • 1936 a revolt began in favor of a fascist government, led by General Francisco Franco and supported by army leaders.

  21. Support from the outside • Western democracies and the Allied Powers were reluctant to get involved in the civil war. Only the Soviet Union sent aid (to the Republicans). • 2,000 Americans unofficially volunteered to help the Republican side (Lincoln Brigade) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URtWFEKHsvs&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

  22. Support from the outside • Hitler and Mussolini sent weapons, tanks, air planes and troops to aid the Nationalist. The Spanish Civil war became a weapons testing ground for the Axis Powers of WWII.

  23. Support from the outside • Non-government groups sent aid • Ford, Texaco, Firestone, and General Motors sent tires, trucks, etc.

  24. Hitler sent his famous “Condor Legion.” This was a group of skilled pilots with new planes that were skilled at dive bombing..

  25. They bombed the city of Guernica and slaughtered the inhabitants. Women and children were killed….

  26. The Bull in the painting is a symbol of Spain. The bull “observes” the destruction in front of him.

  27. The fallen warrior is laid out in a crucifix position…

  28. There are terrible images—a woman holding a dead child.

  29. A person burning in a fire…

  30. Some say that Picasso painting an open door so that he could “escape” from the violence.

  31. Picasso • Picasso was a supporter of the Republican Party and disliked Franco and his Fascist party, who was supported by the Nazis. • Made a series of prints leading up to his masterpiece Guernica which expressed his dislike of Franco. • Guernica was shown throughout the world to protest war • Picasso said that it should not return to Spain until after Franco’s death

  32. Child refugees from Spain

  33. The civil war lasted three years, the Republicans could not defeat the Nationalist Franco’s professional army. • 500,000-600,000 people lost their lives • Franco became Spain’s dictator.

  34. Lessons Learned (that lead to WWII) Hitler learns Britain and France were not prepared to oppose aggressive military action Stalin feels Britain and France may not honor the Locarno Pact and aid Soviet Union if Hitler attacks - helps push Stalin to sign Non-Aggression Pact with Hitler in mid-1939 Italy and Germany closer together

  35. Franco remained neutral during WWII, so Spain did not go through the devastation of World War II.Franco died in 1975.

  36. Credits • This Spanish Civil War PowerPoint was adapted from one created by Mrs. Sigrid Olsen at Sprague High School in Salem, • OR: • http://sprague2.net/staff/olsen_sigrid/pp_links.php

  37. Read article (eye-witness account) • The Tragedy of Guernica • Town Destroyed In Air Attack • http://www.spanish-fiestas.com/art/Picasso-guernica.htm

  38. United States Isolates itself from the World • Many in the US argued that it was a mistake to enter WWI • Want to avoid future wars • Passed 3 Neutrality Acts that banned loaning or selling weapons to nations at war

  39. Hitler creates a Greater Germany (the Third Reich) • What is the Third Reich? • 1st Reich=Holy Roman Empire • Brought to an end by Napoleon • 2nd Reich= German Empire brought to power by Prussia • Brought to an end after WWI • 3rd Reich=Hitler’s Empire

  40. Hitler creates a Greater Germany (the Third Reich) • Hitler starts invading countries • Openly breaking the Versailles Treaty • Hitler orders German troops into Austria • absorbs the nation into Germany

  41. Appeasement and the Munich Conference • Britain and France were preparing for war when Mussolini called for a meeting to settle the issue

  42. Britain, France, Italy and Germany met in Munich to decide the fate of Czechoslovakia (who was threatened by Germany) • the Czechs were not invited • British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain • believed that by giving in to Hitler world war would be avoided • this policy is called appeasement • Hitler promises to be satisfied with the Sudetenland • In less than six months Hitler occupies the rest of Czechoslovakia

  43. Mussolini takes Albania • Jealous that Hitler has gained so much without firing a shot: • Mussolini kicks out King Zog of Albania (one of the poorest nations in Europe) • Makes it part of Italy

  44. Hitler continues his push for a greater Germany and claims the port city of Memel from Lithuania • Cancels nonaggression pact he had with Poland

  45. Poland… • Hitler, encouraged by all his success without war eyes Poland as his next conquest. • But…Invading Poland would anger the Soviet Union and might even risk war. • Hitler is confident that France and Britain would do nothing like before

  46. Nazis and Soviets at Peace???? • In August of 1939, Hitler and Stalin sign a public nonaggression pact promising not to attack one another.

  47. Secretly: • Poland is divided between the two. • Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland are given to the Soviet Union for future conquest • Germany gives USSR plans for naval vessels, subs, airplane engines • USSR will supply Germany with many raw goods

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