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The Americas on the Eve of Invasion

The Americas on the Eve of Invasion. CHAPTER 11. Previous knowledge. What are the main native American groups in Central and South America? Where were they located? What group was 1 st ? What were the groups known for? Who conquered the major groups? Name any famous member of any group.

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The Americas on the Eve of Invasion

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  1. The Americas on the Eve of Invasion CHAPTER 11

  2. Previous knowledge • What are the main native American groups in Central and South America? Where were they located? • What group was 1st? • What were the groups known for? • Who conquered the major groups? • Name any famous member of any group.

  3. Postclassical Mesoamerica • Olmecs(1400-400 BCE) • Mother culture • Introduced • 1. hieroglyphs • 2. calendar • 3. concept of 0 • 4. ballcourt game (rubber balls) • 5. Stone heads • Maya (300 BCE- 900 CE) • Aztecs (1200- 1550 CE) • Incas (1400- 1550)

  4. Maya • Chichen Itza • Tikal • Tulum

  5. Teotihuacan • Site of civilization • Central Mexico • Collapsed 700’s

  6. Toltecs • Teotihuacan-Toltecs • Capital was Tula 968 • Adopted cultural aspects but add: • 1. Strong military • 2. expand human sacrifice • Looked at as givers of civilization by Aztecs • Commercial influence • Possibly to Miss and Ohio Valleys • Lasted until 1150

  7. Aztecs • Known as Mexica (origin of Mexico) • After fall of Toltecs people migrate to Valley of Mexico (1325) • Power and population shift • Found cities: • 1. Tenochtitlan (1325) • By 1434 dominates area • 2. Tlateloco • Rise of the • 1. city-states (Triple Alliance) • 2. pipiltin (nobility class)

  8. Aztecs • Aztec Social Contract • 1. Pay tribute (leave alone) • 2. surrender lands • 3. military service • 4. king is god on Earth • Tlacaelel (brother of Montezuma SP?)) • Important official • Helps move clans (CALPULLI) to a unified society • Moctezuma II • Height of Aztec power

  9. Aztec Religion • Many gods in many different forms • Cyclical patterns of world destruction (over and over) • 1. Gods of fertility • Agriculture etc • 2. Creator gods • Sun, moon sky etc • 3. Gods of warfare and sacrifice • Huitzilopochtli ((becomes main deity)

  10. Sacrifice • Gods get strength from sacrifice • Why? (different theories) • 1. Exaggerated by Spanish (superiority and validate conquest) • 2. religious act essential to receive gods blessings • 3. terrorize neighbors and subjugate lower class • 4. response to lack of protein and absence of large animals for sacrifice “cannibal kingdom” (Marvin Harris)

  11. Aztec Economy • Chinampas • Man-made floating islands (agriculture) • Extremely fertile • Redistribution of tribute • Armed merchant class (pochteca) • Control markets • Tlatelolco

  12. Marriage and Family • 1. Virginity highly regarded • 2. Arranged marriage • 3. Young girls trained by older women • 4. Monogamy was common (polygamy only for rulers) • Aztec women vs Mediterranean • Same in many ways (can own property, no gov roles) • Technologically behind Med • Aztec women spent more time working (exp grinding grain)

  13. Fall of Aztecs • 1. Terror and tribute • 2. Rise of pipiltin • Led to social stresses • Vulnerable to conquest • After 1492 • Aztecs- Cortez • Incas- Pizarro • Weapons and disease

  14. South America • Chavin (mother culture) • Moche and Nazca (Nazca Lines) • Chimu (lived in Chimor) • Inca

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