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North America and the Caribbean on the Eve of European “Invasion”

Discover the pre-European contact era in North America and the Caribbean, with 350 diverse societies, the significance of maize, and the power of the Aztecs. Explore contrasting views on Columbus as a hero or invader and the complex outcomes of the Columbian Exchange. Learn about Spain's empire, conquistadors, and the Spanish colonization hierarchy. Delve into the colonial period from Jamestown to the Revolutionary Era, reflecting on unity, conflicts, and the revolutionary impact.

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North America and the Caribbean on the Eve of European “Invasion”

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  1. P-7 North America and the Caribbean on the Eve of European “Invasion” • 4.5 million people in North America • 350 different societies: agricultural, nomadic… • Importance of maize (corn) • Aztecs “unsurpassed in power and wealth”

  2. “tremendous cultural diversity”:

  3. Historiography • Traditional- Columbus is a hero • Revisionist- Columbus was an evil invader • Post-Revisionist- Columbus was a man of his times that was an impressive navigator that brought interaction of two separate worlds, which had many positive and negative consequences

  4. Columbian Exchange • The biological exchange of plants and animals between the New and Old Worlds • Americas to Europe: Potato, llama, tomato, tobacco, turkeys, corn, vanilla… • Europe to Americas: horse, cows, pigs, coffee, sugar, rice, wheat, DISEASE: Small Pox

  5. 1-6 Spain’s Empire in the New World- 1521: Cortés conquered the Aztecs

  6. Role of the Conquistadors • Minor nobles, landless gentlemen, and professional soldiers seek “God, Gold, and Glory” • Win because of “Guns, Germs, and Steel” • Disease, small pox, by far the # 1 killer

  7. Spanish Colonization • Royal control replaced the conquistadors •  Gov: Two central divisions: New Spain & Peru each ruled by a viceroy who were advised by councils called audiencias

  8. Very Hierarchical system, based on race, pure breed Spaniards at the top • 1520, Africans imported to sugar plantations (Haciendas) in the Spanish West Indies • Strongly Catholic, Mission system Creole Mestizos & Mulattos American Indians Zambos Africans Spanish Caste System Peninsulars

  9. Colonial Period • 1607-1763 • Jamestown to the end of the French and Indian War (1754-1763)

  10. French and Indian War (Seven Years War), 1754-1763

  11. Trends toward colonial unity Revolutionary Era, 1763-1783

  12. What kind of divide do all of these conflicts represent? Bacon 1676 Leisler’s 1691

  13. Federalist Era, 1789-1800

  14. How Revolutionary was the American Revolution?

  15. Revolution 1800?

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