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Americas on the Eve of Invasion

Americas on the Eve of Invasion. Ch 11. I. Toltec Culture. Nomads took advantage of the fall of Teotihuacan City in central Mexico/ part of American classical period Toltec people were very militaristic Copied a lot from Teotihuacan Set up a capital in Tula in 968. I. Toltec Culture.

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Americas on the Eve of Invasion

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  1. Americas on the Eve of Invasion Ch 11

  2. I. Toltec Culture • Nomads took advantage of the fall of Teotihuacan • City in central Mexico/ part of American classical period • Toltec people were very militaristic • Copied a lot from Teotihuacan • Set up a capital in Tula in 968

  3. I. Toltec Culture • Topiltzin • Toltec priest/leader • Followed Quetzalcoatl (feathered serpent) • Exiled to the Yucatan Peninsula • Toltecs spread as far as Guatemala • Conquered Mayan cities • Ohio and Mississippi valleys? • Mined Obsidian an turquoise • Obsidian- knives and weapons • Turquoise- traded/ currency • Destroyed by nomadic invaders • 1150AD

  4. II. Aztecs • Aka Mexica • Came to power after the fall of the Toltecs • Very rapidly (originally around 10,000) • Believed Eagle with snake on cactus was a sign • Centered around Lake Texcoco • Tenochtitlan founded 1325 • Conquered people • Paid tributes, surrendered land and gave military service • Conquered people were sacrificed to the gods

  5. II. Aztecs • Religion • Incorporated aspects from other cultures • Deities for Fire, Rain, Water, Corn, Sky, Sun etc. • Tlaloc- god of rain • Female forms of each • Festivals based on cyclic calendar • Sacrificed blood and human hearts to feed sun god • Religious or political?

  6. II. Aztecs • Tenochitlan • Built on island in middle of Lake Texcoco • Four bridges connected to mainland • Canoe traffic • Adobe brick houses • City wards ruled by Calpulli (kin groups) • Surrounded by Chinampas • Floating agricultural islands • 20,000 acres • Traded cacao beans/gold • Distribution of wealth (nobility)

  7. II. Aztecs • Society • Military focus • Leadership based on capturing sacrifices • Ritual warfare • Organized in regiments with different uniforms • Jaguar and Eagle knights • Pochteca- merchant class • Economy was very heavily regulated • Scribes, artisans, healers and nobility • Growth resulted in loss of egalitarianism

  8. II. Aztecs • Role of women • Peasant women • Raised children, helped in fields & cared for household • Peasants were monogamous • Women could inherit property- still subordinate to men • Spent up to 6 hours grinding corn by hand

  9. III. Twantinsuyu • AKA Incas (name for rulers) • Highly centralized rule with a deified ruler • 3000 miles in extent in the Andean highlands • 11-13 million • Created roads, bridges and irrigation • Focused aroud Cuzco • Started conquest under Pachacuti (1438-1471) • TopacYupanqui- Pachacuti’s successor greatly expanded territory • Huayna Capac (1493-1527)- territory stretched from Colombia to Chile

  10. Incorrect: Tupac Shakur Correct- TopacYupanqui

  11. III. Twantinsuyu • Religion • Cult of ancestors • Mummified dead rulers • Consulted oracles • Temple of the Sun • Holy shrines/Huacas- mountains, caves, rivers etc. • Conquest • Split inheritance • Caused the need to conquer for land and wealth

  12. III. Twantinsuyu • Government/Culture • Inca ruled from Cuzco • Allowed local rulers (curacas) to rule smaller regions • Rewarded for loyalty • Used roads to connect regions and had about 10,000 tambos • Socialist type of rule • Divided up land • Required mita (labor turns) for public works • Yanas- permanent servants, artisans and workers for ruling class • Ayllu- peasants

  13. III. Twantinsuyu • Government/cultures • Infastructure • 2500 miles of roads • Terraced agriculture • No writing system or wheel • Very mathematical • Quipu- knotted strings (abacus?) used to keep financial and census records

  14. IV. The others • Arawaks- On Hispanola (Haiti/DR) ran into Columbus • Chiefdom/tribal societies • Lived on Manioc/ Yuca • North American Tribes • 200 separate languages • Greatly helped by the introduction of horse (plains people) • Hunters and gatherers • Americas had between 67-72 million people • China and India-75-100 million • Europe- 60-70 million

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