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geology & lithology. natural organic acids. direct effluent discharges. human activity. additional step in causal pathway. industry. agriculture. urbanization. source. aquaculture & hatcheries. mining & resource extraction. buffering capacity. modifying factor. ↑ nutrients.
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geology & lithology natural organic acids direct effluent discharges human activity additional step in causal pathway industry agriculture urbanization source aquaculture & hatcheries mining & resource extraction buffering capacity modifying factor ↑ nutrients leakage, leachate & groundwater transport atmospheric emissions, transport & deposition stormwater runoff ↓ pH ↑ pH fluctuation ↑ free metal ions LEGEND ↑ ionic strength ↑ toxic substances proximate stressor ↑ H+ inputs interacting stressor response ∆ ecosystem processes ↓ reproductive success ↑ mortality ∆ behavior ↓ condition ↓ growth ↑ susceptibility to other stressors ∆ population & community structure Simple conceptual model diagram for LOW pH