CHAPTER 10 SECTION 1

1. CHAPTER 10SECTION 1 FROM NEUTRALITY TO WAR

2. 1914 – NATIONALISM, MILITARISM, IMPERIALISM AND • ENTANGLING ALLIANCES COMBINED WITH OTHER • FACTORS LED TO THE NATIONS OF EUROPE INTO A • BRUTAL WAR • THE UNITED STATES REMAINED NEUTRAL AT FIRST • BUT ENDED UP ABANDONING ITS LONG TRADITION • OF STAYING OUT OF EUROPEAN CONFLICTS

3. CAUSES OF WWI • NATIONALISM • – DEVOTION TO ONE’SNATION • STARTED INTERNATIONAL AND • DOMESTIC TENSION

4. EUROPEANS BEGAN TO REJECT THE EARLIER IDEA • OF A NATION AS A COLLECTION OF DIFFERENT • ETHNIC GROUPS • – THEY BELIEVED A NATION SHOULD EXPRESS THE • NATIONALISM OF A SINGLE ETHNIC GROUP • NATIONALISM ALSO DESTABILIZED OLD • MULTINATIONAL EMPIRES SUCH AS AUSTRIA-HUNGARY • AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE • – PARTICULARLY TRUE IN THE BALKAN REGION OF • SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE

5. WHEN SERBIA EMERGED AS AN INDEPENDENT NATION IT • CHALLENGED THE AUSTRIA-HUNGARY EMPIRE TWO WAYS: • BY TRYING TO GAIN TERRITORY CONTROLLED BY THE • EMPIRE • BY THE EXAMPLE IT OFFERED TO AUSTRIA-HUNGARY’S • DIVERSE PEOPLE

6. NATIONALIST SENTIMENTS SPILLED OVER INTO THE ECONOMIC GOALS OF EACH NATION • LEADING INDUSTRIAL NATIONS COMPETED FOR LANDS RICH IN RAW MATERIALS AS WELL AS FOR PLACES TO BUILD MILITARY BASES TO PROTECT THEIR EMPIRES • INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS CARVED COLONIES OUT OF AFRICA, THE PACIFIC AND CHINA

7. ARMS RACE • EUROPEAN LEADERS KNEW A WAR WAS GOING TO HAPPEN • – THEY BEGAN TO INCREASE THE • SIZE OF THEIR ARMIES AND WEAPONS

8. 1914 – GERMANY HAD A LARGE STANDING ARMY AND THE LARGEST AND DEADLIEST GUNS IN THE WORLD • – ALSO BUILT UP A NAVY

9. MILITARISM • – THE GLORIFICATION OF • THE MILITARY GREW IN • THE COMPETING • COUNTRIES AND • HELPED FUEL THE • ARMS RACE • THIS WAR WOULD INVOLVE • MORE TROPPS AND MORE • TECHNOLOGICALLY • ADVANCED WEAPONS • THAN BEFORE • – MACHINE GUNS, MOBILE • ARTILLERY, TANKS, SUBMARINES • AND AIRPLANES WOULD • CHANGE THE NATURE OF • WARFARE

10. ALLIANCES • TWO MAJOR ALLIANCES FORMED • BEFORE THE WAR: • 1. GERMANY AUSTRIA-HUNGARY • AND ITALY JOINED THE • TRIPLE ALLIANCE • 2. FRANCE, RUSSIA AND • GREAT BRITAIN FORMED THE • TRIPLE ENTENTE

11. THE ALLIANCES KNEW IF WAR WAS DECLARED ON • THEM THEIR ALLIES WOULD HELP • EUROPEAN LEADERS THOUGHT LESS OF THE • ADVANTAGES OF PEACE AND MORE OF THE POSSIBLE • BENEFITS OF WAR • – HOPED FOREIGN WAR WOULD HELP SMOOTH • DOMESTIC PROBLEMS

12. FRANCIS FERDINAND • JUNE 28, 1914, ARCHDUKE FRANCIS FERDINAND • – HEIR TO THE THRONE OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND • HIS WIFE WENT TO SARAJEVO THE CAPITAL OF BOSNIA • THAT WAS UNDER AUSTRIA-HUNGARY CONTROL

13. FERDINAND AND HIS WIFE WERE ASSASSINATED BY • GAVRILO PRINCIP • – THIS IS THE BEGINNING OF WWI

14. KAISER WILLIAM II – LEADER OF GERMANY • – GIVES HIS SUPPORT TO AUSTRIA-HUNGARY • AUSTRIA-HUNGARY SENDS AN ULTIMATUM TO • SERBIS DEMANDING SERBIA’S TOTAL • COOPERATION IN AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE • ASSASSINATION • – SERBIA DOES NOT AGREE SO AUSTRIA- • HUNGARY DECLARES WAR ON SERBIA

15. RUSSIA – THE LARGEST SLAVIC COUNTRY • – MOBILIZES TO HELP SERBIA • – FELT IT WAS THEIR DUTY TO • PROTECT SERBIA • – THIS CAUSES GERMANY TO • DECLARE WAR ON RUSSIA

16. FRANCE • – RUSSIA’S ALLY • – DECLARES WAR ON • GERMANY

17. GERMANY THEN DECLARES WAR ON NEUTRAL BELGIUM • – HAS TO GO THROUGHT BELGIUM • TO GET TO FRANCE

18. GREAT BRITAIN DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY BECAUSE OF BELGIUM

19. CENTRAL POWERS OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND GERMANY WERE AT WAR WITH THE ALLIES OF FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN AND RUSSIA

20. TECHNOLOGY LEADS TO STALEMATE • CENTRAL POWERS AND ALLIES BOTH HAD A VAST SYSTEM OF TRENCHED STRETCHING FROM BELGIUM TO SWITZERLAND

21. WESTERN FRONT • – CRITICAL BATTLE FRONT EVEN • THOUGHT FIGHTING OCCURRED IN • EASTERN EUROPE AND THE MIDDLE • EAST • – WHOEVER WON THE WESTERN • FRONT WOULD WIN THE WAR

22. THE WAR LASTED A LONG TIME • – REASON FOR THE LENGTH OF THE • WAR WAS THAT THE DEFENSIVE • WEAPONS OF THE TIME WERE • BETTER AND MORE DEVASTATING • THAN THE OFFENSIVE ONES • IN ABOUT EVERY BATTLE OF THE WAR • ON THE WESTERN FRONT THE • ATTACKING FORCE SUFFERED • TERRIBLY • – INEFFECTIVE OFFENSIVES AND • EFFECTIVE DEFENSIVES PRODUCED • A STALEMATE

23. DEADLY TECHNOLOGY OF WWI • MACHINE GUNS • – COULD FIRE 600 BULLETS A MINUTE • ARTILLERY FIELD GUNS • – LONG RANGE CANNONS CAUSED • MORE CASUALTIES THAN ANY • OTHER TYPE OF WEAPON • POISON GAS • – CHLORINE AND MUSTARD GAS • COULD KILL, BLIND OR BURN • VICTIMS • – DANGEROUS TO USE BECAUSE OF • THE WIND

24. SUBMARINES • – GERMAN U-BOATS USED • TORPEDOES AS WELL AS ON • DECK GUNS TO SINK SHIPS • 5. TANKS AND ARMORED CARS • – BOTH SIDES TRIED TO DEVELOP • VEHICLES THAT COULD GO • OVER THE ROUGH GROUND • AND BARBED-WIRE BARRICADES • OF NO MAN’S LAND, WITH • LIMITED SUCCESS • 6. AIRPLANES • – PLANES WERE USED FOR • RECONNAISSANCE, BOMBING • AND FIGHTING BUT DID NOT • PROVE DECISIVE

25. TRENCH WARFARE • STALEMATE LED TO TERRIBLE CONDITIONS FOR THE SOLDIERS IN THE TRENCHES ON THE WESTERN FRONT

26. Body Lice Trench Foot • THEY DEVELOPED “TRENCH FOOT” FROM STANDING FOR HOURS IN MUDDY AND WET CONDITIONS AND CONTRACTED LICE FROM THE RATS

27. LIVED IN CONSTANT FEAR • – AFRAID TO LOOK OUT OF THE TRENCHES • AREA IN BETWEEN THE TWO OPPOSING TRENCHES • CALLED NO MAN’S LAND • – ANYTHING THAT EXISTED THERE BEFORE WAS • DESTROYED BY THE FIGHTING

28. STALEMATE DRAGGED ON WHILE THE • CASUALTIES – SOLDIERS WOUNDED, KILLED AND MISSING • – BEGAN TO BECOME HIGH

29. WILSON URGES NEUTRALITY • WILSON DID NOT SEE THAT THE • WAR SET AMERICANS AGAINST • EACH OTHER • – MELTING POT – MANY • NATIONALITIES LIVING IN THE • UNITED STATES • MANY AMERICANS VIEWED THE • CONFLICT AS A EUROPEAN QUARREL • FOR LAND AND INFLUENCE • – WANTED TO MAINTAIN AMERICAN • ISOLATIONISM FROM EUROPEAN • DISPUTES

30. GOOD MANY BUSINESSES BENEFITED FROM THE INCREASED DEMAND BY WARRING NATIONS FOR AMERICAN

31. AMERICANS HAD DIVIDED LOYALTIES: • GERMAN AMERICANS AND IRISH • AMERICANS FELT THE CENTRAL POWERS WERE JUSTIFIED IN THEIR ACTIONS • JEWISH AMERICANS FLED RUSSIA TO ESCAPE CZARIST REGIMES POGROMS AGAINST JEWS HOPED FOR RUSSIA’S DEFEAT • MOST AMERICANS SIDED WITH • BRITAIN AND FRANCE • – HAD HISTORIC TIES WITH THEM

32. THREE GROUPS HAD DIFFERENT OPINIONS: • ISOLATIONISTS – BELIEVED THAT THE WAR WAS NONE OF AMERICA’S BUSINESS • INTERVENTIONISTS – FELT THE WAR DID AFFECT AMERICAN INTERESTS AND THAT THE U.S. SHOULD INTERVENE ON THE SIDE OF THE ALLIES • INTERNATIONALISTS – BELIEVED THE U.S. SHOULD PLAY AN ACTIVE ROLE IN WORLD AFFAIRS AND WORK TOWARD ACHIEVING A JUST PEACE BUT NOT ENTER THE WAR

33. REASONS THE U.S. ENTERS THE WAR • UNRESTRICTED SUBMARINE WARFARE – GERMANY BEGINS SINKING ALLIED SHIPS WITH THEIR U-BOATS – SINKS THE LUSITANIA OFF THE COAST OF IRELAND – KILLED AMERICANS – JUSTIFIED THE ATTACK BY • SAYING THE SHIP WAS CARRYING ALLIED AMMUNITION • GERMANY PROMISED NOT TO SINK ANYMORE ANY • MOREPASSENGER SHIPS • – DID NOT KEEP THEIR WORD • – SANK THE SUSSEX • – AGAIN PROMISED NOT TO SINK ANY MORE SHIPS • SUSSEXPLEDGE • - WOULD WARN SHIPS AHEAD OF TIME BEFORE • BOMBING THEM

34. ZIMMERMAN NOTE • – GERMAN FOREIGN MINISTER SENTTELEGRAM TO • MEXICO • – PROPOSED AN ALLIANCE WITH MEXICO STATING • THAT IF THE U.S. DECLARES WAR ON GERMANY, • MEXICO SHOULD DECLARE WAR ON THE U.S. • – AFTER GERMAN VICTORY, MEXICO WOULD GET BACK • THE STATES OF TEXAS, NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA • – TELEGRAM WAS INTERCEPTED BY THE BRITISH • CONGRESS DECLARED WAR AGAINST GERMANY ON • APRIL 6, 1917