Chapter 10 Section 1

1. Chapter 10 Section 1 Objective: List the views Thomas Jefferson express about political parties in his first inaugural address. Explain the Republican policies Jefferson introduced, and which Federalist policies did he accept. Explain the importance of Marbury v. Madison an important court case. Jefferson as President

2. I. The Republican Victory • Jefferson’s Inauguration • Large crowds attended the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson in March 1801. • John Adams, whom Jefferson had defeated, refused to attend. • Republicans has won control of the White House and both houses of Congress. • Inauguration marked first transfer of power from political party to another in U.S. history; peaceful transfer of power a rare achievement at that time.

3. B. Inaugural Address • Jefferson Stressed that he supported will of the majority but opposed mob rule. • Tried to reassure Federalists that he would run the government fairly and called for unity between political parties. Important Questions: Why would Republican control of Congress work to Jefferson’s Advantage? Why was the transfer of power from the Federalists to the Republicans significant?

4. II. Jefferson in Office A. Putting Republican Ideas into Practice • Jefferson chose James Madison as secretary of state and Albert Gallatin as secretary of treasury. • Jefferson lowered military spending, reduced the size of the army and the navy. • Hoped to use savings from military cuts to repay the national dept. • Eliminated domestic taxes, such as the whiskey tax.

5. II. Jefferson in Office B. Relations with the Federalists • Jefferson kept the Bank of the United States, which the Federalists had established and he had opposed, because the banking system seemed practical. • Replaced a number of Federalist officials with Republican appointees.

6. Important Questions • What Federalist program did Jefferson decide to keep, and why?

7. III. Marbury v. Madison A. New Judicial Offices • Before Jefferson took office as president, Federalists in Congress passed a law creating many new judgeships and court offices. • President John Adams appointed Federalists to fill these positions. • Jefferson took office, some of these Federalists had not yet received their special commissions authorizing their appointments. • Jefferson ordered James Madison not to issue the papers.

8. III. Marbury v. Madison B. Marbury’s case • William Marbury, one of the people who had not received a commission, asked the U.S. Supreme Court to force the executive branch to issue the papers. • Claimed the judiciary Act of 1789 gave the court this power.

9. C. The Court’s Ruling • John Marshall, chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, was a Federalists who disagreed with President Jefferson about many issues.. • Supreme Court ruled in the Marbury v. Madison that the Supreme Court did not have the power to force the executive branch to give Marbury his paper. • Declared the Judiciary Act of 1789, which gave the court this power, was unconstitutional, or not allowed by the Constitution. • Case established the power of judicial review—the power of the U.S. Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional.

10. Important Questions • Why was the court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison significant?

12. Ch 10 Section 2 • Objectives: • Describe how and why the Louisiana Purchase took place? • Explain what the Lewis and Clark expedition achieved? • Define the purpose of Pike’s expedition? The Louisiana Purchase

13. I. French Louisiana A. French Ambitions • The Leader of France, General Napoleon Bonaparte, wanted to re build France’s empire in North America • Planned to send troops to Louisiana. • First, needed to recapture the former French colony of St. Domingue (Haiti) to establish a supply base near Louisiana. • Enslaved African had taken over St. Domingue in the 1790s to gain freedom. • Former enslaved African Toussaint- Louverture ruled the island. • Napoleon’s army failed to retake the island in 1802. B. American Concerns • Jefferson learned that Spain had returned Louisiana to France and feared that French control of the region would block U.S. western expansion. • With control of New Orleans, France could also interfere with American trade along the Mississippi River.

14. Important Questions • Why were U.S. leaders concerned about French control of Louisiana?

15. II. The Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson told the U.S. ambassador to France to make an offer to buy New Orleans and West Florida from France. • A Surprising Offer • French officials offered to sell all of Louisiana to the United States. • France needed money because it was about to go to war against Britain. • Napoleon also hoped that if the United States owned Louisiana, it could challenge Britain’s power in North America.

16. II. The Louisiana Purchase C. A Growing Nation • U.S. diplomats signed treaty to buy Louisiana for $15 million. • Jefferson feared that he did not have the Constitutional power to buy Louisiana but agreed to purchase because it was in the country’s best interested. • The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 almost doubled the size of the United States.

17. Important Questions • Why did Napoleon want to sell Louisiana??

18. III. Mission of Discovery • Jefferson planned an expedition to explore western lands. • Meriwether Lewis, who had served as Jefferson’s assistant, led the expedition. • Lieutenant William Clark was co-leader.

19. IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition • In May 1804 the Lewis and Clark expedition set out from St Louis Missouri • Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian woman, assisted group. • Crossed Great Plains and Rocky Mountains; reached Pacific in November 1805. • Returned to St. Louis in September 1806 • Expedition learned much about western lands and paths, established relations with several American Indian groups, and collected valuable scientific information.

20. V. Pike’s Exploration • Zebulon Pike led an expedition to find the source of the Red River and perhaps to spy on settlements in New Spain. • Explored Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado, climbed mountain now known as Pike’s Peak, continued into present day New Mexico and Spanish held lands, where the Spanish arrested him. • After released, Pike reports that the Southwest offered good business opportunities for Americans.

21. Important Questions • What region of the United States did Zebulon Pike explore?

23. Ch 10 Section 3 • Objectives: • Determine why the United States placed an embargo on France and Great Britain? • Explain what Tecumseh wanted to accomplish and how successful he was? • Analyze why the United States declared war on Great Britain in 1812? The Coming of War

24. I. Danger on the High Seas • U.S. Navy sent to end pirate raids conducted by North African countries called the Barbary States. • Problems with Great Britain • United States supplied goods and war materials to Great Britain and France, who went to war in 1803. • Each nation passed laws to stop the United States from trading with its enemy. • The British stopped and seized American ships and also searched them for runaway British. • Impressment, or forcing people to serve in the army or navy, angered the United States, particularly when the British accidentally impressed some U.S. citizens

25. II. A Trade War • Many Americans called for an embargo, or the banning of trade, in response to Britain’s violations of U.S. neutrality • Trade Laws • Congress passed the Embargo Act, which banned trade with foreign nations. • Act damaged American economy, especially in New York and New England. • Replaced by Non- Intercourse Act, which banned trade with Britain, France, and their colonies and stated the U.S. would resume trade with the first side to stop violating U.S. ships.

26. Important Questions • What was the Embargo Act, and what effect did it have on the United States?

27. III. The Rise of Tecumseh • American Indians and American settlers in Northwest Territory clashed again. • British aided these American Indians group in hopes of limiting U.S. expansion. • Shawnee chief Tecumseh tried to united American Indians against the United States.

28. IV. War on the Frontier • William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, saw Tecumseh as a treat. • In 1810 in the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison’s forces defeated American Indian forces, which caused Tecumseh to lose much of his support.

29. Important Questions • What was Tecumseh’s goal?

30. V. The War Debate A. The War Hawks • War Hawks were members of Congress who favored war against Great Britain. • Leaders included Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun; support strongest in South, West. • Saw war as only answer, and some hoped war might expand the United States. • Opposition • Federalists in New England feared war with Britain would hurt the economy. • Other American argued that war was unnecessary and costly and that the U.S. military was not prepared to fight powerful Britain.

31. Important Questions • Why did people in New England oppose war with Britain?

32. VI. A Declaration of War A. President James Madison, a Republican who had been elected in 1808, told Congress that Britain was already in a state of war against the nation. • Congress Acts • Southern and western representatives in Congress voted for war. • Delaware, New England, New Jersey, New York, PA opposed war. • War Hawks won, and Congress declared war for the first time in nations history.

33. Important Questions • In what regions of the United States was support for war strongest?

35. Ch 10 Section 4 • Objectives: • Describe how the war progressed at sea and in the Great Lakes. • Explain how actions by American Indians aided the British during the war. • Identify the strategy the British pursued in the East. • Examine how the war came to an end. The War of 1812

36. I. The War at Sea • Advantages and Disadvantages • U.S. Navy had fewer than 20 ships, while the British had hundreds. • U.S. government licensed private ships to attack British merchant ships. • Early in war, most British naval ship were scattered far from the United States. • U.S. Navy had well trained sailors and new war ships that carried more cannons than most British war ships of the same size. • Early in the war, several U.S. ships defeated British ships in one-on-one duels. • Britain then turned to patrolling seas in large groups and blockading U.S. ports

37. Important Questions • What advantages did the U.S. Navy have over the British navy early in the war?

38. II. The Canadian Border A. American attempted to invade Canada, but British forces, aided American Indians under Tecumseh, defeated U.S. forces and captured Fort Detroit. • The Great Lakes • By the end of 1812, the British controlled the strategic Great Lakes region. • Captain Oliver Hazard Perry commanded a small U.S. fleet on Lake Erie. • At the Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813, Perry’s fleet on Lake defeated British forces, which were forced to withdraw.

39. III. The Frontier War • Tecumseh and the British. • After Perry’s victory, William Henry Harrison pursued British into Canada. • At the Battle of Thames in October 1813 , Harrison’s forces defeated the British and their American Indian allies. • Tecumseh killed in battle, which weakened the Indian-British alliance. • Victory secured U.S. border with Canada • The Creek War • Creek forces, led by Chief Red Eagle, took a U.S. fort in present–day Alabama. • General Andrew Jackson led U.S. against the Creek. • At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, U.S forces defeated the Creek forces. • Victory ended Creek War, and Creek forces to give up millions of acres of land.

40. Important Questions • Why was the Victory in the Battle of the Thames significant for the United States?

41. IV. The British on the Offensive • In 1814 Britain sent more troops and strengthened its Blockade of U.S. ports. • British forces sacked Washington but failed to take Fort McHenry in Baltimore. V. The British on New Orleans • British forces launched attack on New Orleans. • American forces defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.

42. VI. Ending the War • The Hartford Convention. • New England Federalists against the war met at the Hartford Convention. • Some delegates wanted New England to withdraw from the United States. • Delegates decided to send a group to Congress to demand states’ rights. • War ended; Federalists were accused of treason and lost much political power. • The Peace Treaty • The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 on December 24, 1814. • Each nation returned all the territory it had conquered; treaty provided no solutions to problems of impressments and trade. • Both sides agreed to continue to work on these problems once there was peace.

43. Important Questions • What were the terms of the Treaty of Ghent?