WWII: The War at Home

1. WWII: The War at Home

2. Total War • By 1942, Canada was committed to a policy of “Total War”. • All industries, materials and people were put to work for the war effort.

3. Government and the Economy • The war launched Canada out of the depression and into an economic boom. • C.D. Howe, minister of munitions and supply, quickly organized Canada’s war economy, he assumed near dictatorial powers telling businessmen what they would produce including how much and how fast. • Canada became an industrial power, new factories were built, and old ones adapted for war purposes. Factories churned out thousands of guns, ships, fighter planes and military vehicles.

4. Canadian Production 1939-1945

5. Labour • With so many men enlisting, Canada faced a labour shortage as early as 1941, most notably in war-related industries. • In 1942, the Canadian government passed the National Selective Service Act to mobilize the country’s labour resources for the benefit of the war effort. • One of the main strategies of the program was to recruit women for the work force.

6. “Women, Back Them Up -To Bring Them Back!” ■ At first only single women were recruited, but upon severe labour shortages, both married women and mothers were sought out; the government even funded daycare centres so that women would be free to work. ■ In 1943, there were approximately 225,000 Canadian women working in munitions factories.

7. In The Army Now… • In 1941, for the first time in Canadian history, women were able to enlist in their own divisions of the Army, Navy and Air Force. Although Canadian women were not allowed into combat during the Second World War, they did just about everything else. • Women served as nurses, stretcher bearers, drivers, machine operators, cooks and secretaries. They also flew Canadian built planes to bases in Britain and ferried officers and politicians from Ottawa to London. • They were paid roughly 60% of what their male counterparts made

8. Enlistment By Women In Canada’s Armed Forces: • Over 43,000 women served overseas in the Canadian Women’s Army Corps, the Royal Women’s Navy Service and the Women’s Division of the Royal Canadian Air Force. http://archives.cbc.ca/war_conflict/second_world_war/clips/4974/

9. Wartime Prices and The Trade Board • Prime Minister Mackenzie King was determined to avoid the problems of greed and inflation which had plagued the Canadian political landscape during the first World War • The government set up the Wartime Prices and Trade Board (WPTB) to control prices and supervise the distribution of food and other scarce goods.

10. Rationing: A Little Goes a Long Way! • To ensure there was a large enough supply to meet both military and civilian needs, certain staple goods were rationed. • Rationed Items Included: Meat, Butter, Tea, Coffee, Gasoline, Tires (rubber), Alcohol, Clothing Fabric and Silk

12. Pitching in on all fronts ■dedication to the war effort also extended outside the factories. ■ Women’s organizations collected paper, glass, metal, rubber, rags and bones to be recycled into war supplies. ■ They planted victory gardens, sewed clothes for troops and were recruited to work on farms and in factories.

13. Financing the War • The Canadian Government did raise taxes during the Second World War to help offset the cost of financing the war. The increased revenue from higher taxes accounted for about one-half of all war-related expenses. • To help pay for the rest, the Canadian government turned to an old idea: Victory Loans drives. • The government conducted nine Victory Loan drives between June 1941 and October 1945. These campaigns raised nearly $12 billion by the end of the war.

14. Conscription Crisis: Part II

15. Background Information • By 1943, volunteer rates had dramatically declined. • As a result, the Canadian government was worried that Canada would not be able to maintain an effective armed forces. • The Solution? • You guessed it. Introduce Conscription!

16. Prime Minister King’s Solution • Prime Minister MacKenzie King remembered his Canadian History. He knew that the conscription issue had divided French and English Canadians during World War One. • In addition, he knew that a lot of his electoral success came from Quebeckers; specifically, French Canadians. • What should he do?

17. King Introduces a Plebiscite on Conscription • King’s famous line was “conscription if necessary, but not necessarily conscription!” A very good example of double talk! • His idea was to hold a plebiscite on the issue. A plebiscite is a non-binding question that asks the electorate to vote on a particular issue. MacKenzie King votes in the National Plebiscite in 1942

18. King Introduces a Plebiscite on Conscription • King’s reasoning was that a positive result on the plebiscite would give him a mandate to proceed with conscription. However, since it was a plebiscite he would not necessarily be forced to introduce conscription. Confusing? Clever? Many historians argue about the merits of King’s tactic. History Professor Michael Bliss thought it was a clever move U of T Professor Michael Bliss

19. The Result of the Plebiscite • The Result of the Plebiscite on Conscription was: • 73% of Quebec voted “non” • 80% of the Rest of • Canada voted “Yes”

20. What did King Do? • King knew that the results of the Plebiscite could be just as damaging to national unity as the original conscription crisis of 1917 during World War One. • As a result, he delayed enacting conscription until 1944. Since conscripted men had to be trained before they hit the battlefield, most of them never saw combat.

21. The End Result • Of the 13,000 who were sent overseas, only 2,500 reached the battlefield. • 69 would die in action before the war ended (less than a year later). • MacKenzie King would go on to win a majority government in the federal election of 1945 with most of his support from “la belle province. He was the great compromiser

22. Top Secret: Camp X • Camp X, which operated in Oshawa, Ontario from 1941 to 1946, was a training camp responsible for training recruits for the Special Operations Executive of the British Security Coordination during World War II. • It was comprised of two sections, the Special Training School No. 103, which trained allied agents in the techniques of secret warfare, and Hydra, a network which communicated messages between Canada, United States, and Great Britain.

23. Social Support: Expanding The Social SafetyNet ■The increased role of government was also visible in the expansion of the social safety net. • In 1940, the government passed the Unemployment Insurance Act. In the face of unemployment, workers could now collect insurance. • In 1944, the government introduced Family Allowance and in 1945 the first “baby bonus” cheques were mailed out.