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Unit 4 Articulation

Unit 4 Articulation. The Stops The Fricatives The Affricates The Nasals. Stops. Place Bilabial /p/ /b/ Alveolar /t/ /d/ Velar /k/ /g/ Voicing Voiced /b/ /d/ /g/ Voiceless /p/ /t/ /k/. Sequence Complete VT occlusion Oral pressure positive ~equal to subglottal P 5-10 cm water

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Unit 4 Articulation

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  1. Unit 4Articulation • The Stops • The Fricatives • The Affricates • The Nasals

  2. Stops • Place • Bilabial /p/ /b/ • Alveolar /t/ /d/ • Velar /k/ /g/ • Voicing • Voiced /b/ /d/ /g/ • Voiceless /p/ /t/ /k/

  3. Sequence Complete VT occlusion Oral pressure positive ~equal to subglottal P 5-10 cm water Rapid VT opening Oral pressure=ambient If Voiceless Vocal folds abduct Vocal folds adduct Stops: Articulatory manner

  4. Stops • Occlusion and release results in two important feature of stops • Acoustic silence, observed during build up of oral pressure • Transient, aperiodic sound generated during the release of pressure

  5. Stops: VCV time domain

  6. Stops: VCV time domain voice onset time burst silent gap/ closure interval vowel vowel

  7. Stops: characteristic features • Silent gap/closure interval • Release burst • Voice onset time • Formant transitions

  8. silent gap/closure interval • Period during VT occlusion • Often absent or reduced in voiced stops • Voiced stops have voicing into and often throughout the closure interval • How can voicing continue with a closed vocal tract?

  9. Silent gap/closure interval voiceless voice bar voiced

  10. Stops: characteristic features • Silent gap/closure interval • Release burst • Voice onset time • Formant transitions

  11. Release burst • transient (doesn’t last long) • aperiodic (a wide range of frequencies, no harmonic structure) • lasts 10-30 msec • Often absent when stop is in the final position

  12. Release burst

  13. Release burst • Informative about place of articulation • Related to the size of cavity in front of constriction • Bilabial: diffuse energy dominant in low frequency (500-1500 Hz) • Alveolar: diffuse energy that is dominant in higher frequencies (2500-4000 Hz) • Velar: compact energy in midrange (1500-4000 Hz)

  14. Release burst bilabial alveolar velar

  15. Aspiration • Observed in voiceless stops • Consequence of air turbulence at the open glottis • Increases the duration of the release burst

  16. Stops: characteristic features • Silent gap/closure interval • Release burst • Voice onset time (VOT) • Formant transitions

  17. Voice onset time • Time between release and onset of phonation • Considered to reflect laryngeal/articulatory coordination • Is longer for voiceless than voiced stops

  18. Voice onset time voiceless voiced

  19. Voice onset time • For voiced stops, VOT can be • Short lag: vocal folds vibrate shortly after release • Simultaneous voicing: VOT = 0 since voicing and release are coincident • Prevoicing VOT lead: VOT <0 since voicing occurs before release • VOT ranges from –20 – 20 msec

  20. Voice onset time • For voiceless stops, VOT is • Termed long lag • VOT ranges from 25 – 100 msec

  21. Voice onset time • Place of articulation is distinguished by VOT • Bilabial: relatively short VOT • Alveolar: mid-length VOT • Velar: relatively long VOT • RULE: as the cavity in front of the occlusion gets longer, VOT increases

  22. Stops: characteristic features • Silent gap/closure interval • Release burst • Voice onset time • Formant transitions

  23. Formant Transitions • Formants of adjacent vowels will change with VT occlusion • Transitions will last about 50 msec (shorter than glides/liquids) • Transitions not obvious with voiceless • The form of the transition is a function of • The place of articulation • The neighboring sound • F1 and F2 are the key players

  24. Formant Transitions • Place of articulation • Bilabial • F1 starting value: close to 0 Hz • F2 starting value: ~ 600-800 Hz • F1 & F2 will usually rise toward the formants of the adjacent sound

  25. Formant transitions: bilabial b ah

  26. Formant Transitions • Place of articulation • Alveolar • F1 starting value: close to 0 Hz • F2 starting value: ~ 1800 Hz • F1 will always rise and F2 will go up or down depending on the preceding and following vowels

  27. Formant transitions: alveolar d ah

  28. Formant Transitions • Place of articulation • Velar • F1 starting value: close to 0 Hz • F2 starting value: ~ 1300 Hz when followed by a back vowel ~ 2300 Hz when followed by a front vowel • F1 will always rise and F2 will go down • F3 is helpful with velars, typically the F2-F3 transition is ‘wedge-shaped’ F2 going up, F3 going down

  29. Formant transitions: velar g ah

  30. Formant transition: voiced vs. voiceless voiceless voiced

  31. An important point… • When discussing source-filter theory, the sound source was the glottal spectrum • When discussing stops (and fricatives and affricates), we introduce a new sound source, noise produced within the oral cavity • However, source-filter theory still holds even though the sound source is different…the vocal tract still filters the sound source, whether it is the complex periodic signal from vocal fold vibration, or a transient aperiodic signal produced during a stop release

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