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Cities of Vesuvius RELIGION

Cities of Vesuvius RELIGION. Sophia Roberts Andrea Hissey. +. =. Temples: Temple of Isis. Artwork on the walls of the Temple: Rituals- high priest looking on those below him. Temple of Isis. TEMPLE OF ISIS Temple of Isis: Built 2 nd C BC Statuettes of lares

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Cities of Vesuvius RELIGION

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  1. Cities of Vesuvius RELIGION Sophia Roberts Andrea Hissey + =

  2. Temples: Temple of Isis Artwork on the walls of the Temple: Rituals- high priest looking on those below him

  3. Temple of Isis • TEMPLE OF ISIS • Temple of Isis: • Built 2nd C BC • Statuettes of lares • Wall paintings (Egyptian style) • Destroyed after earthquake in AD 62, rapidly rebuilt • Situated on podium surrounded by high walls • Ashes on altar held bones and sacrificial animals • Underground room: Purgatorium: held tank of Nile water • Great Hall: Ekklesiaterion added during restoration to store cult objects • Egyptian influence represented in artwork • Cult items: small statues, incense burners, musical instruments have been found • Tran Tam tinh states likelihood of there being a Temple in Herculaneum

  4. Cult of Isis • Egyptian Goddess brought to P and H by Italian merchants • popular • Majority women adherents • Campania region: children, slaves, freedmen, traders, soldiersEvidence • Temple in Pompeii discovered 1765: well preserved, ash andburnt bone found on altar • not Herculaneum, could mean we have not found it yet • Statue of Isis in H • Paintings at H these are a general depiction- architecture does not match the temple at P • Small statues found • Isis was known for powerful magic • Was open every day • White robed priests- greeted dawn- ritual to commemorate resurrection • Daily opening and closing rituals • Rituals of anointing through washing of statue • Ceremonies of initiation • Linked to the moon • Participation in rituals: rebirth and enlightenment

  5. Related Festivals • November: Inventio Osiridis • March: Navigium Isidis  lead by women covered In wreaths, musicians followed then cult members

  6. Archaeological Evidence Cult objects found in Pompeii associated with the practice of the Cult of Isis. “Bronze cymbals, played during religious rites and a bronze sistrum associated with the cult of Isis, which was rattled during ceremonies and processions .Many other examples found in P and H

  7. Temple of Apollo

  8. Temple of Apollo • West side of Forum • Originally a shrine site • Etruscan pottery • Renovated 2nd C BC and 62AD after eruption • Portico (48 Ionic columns) was connected to Forum (until time of Sulla) • Sulla’s colonists bricked up forum side entrance

  9. Temple of Apollo Cont… • Sundial added in time of Augustus • Boundary wall: mensa pondaria (measuring table) • All measurements checked against this table • Holes for measurement, produce poured out the bottom • Measurements Oscan, replaced in 20BC by Augustus • White travertine stone

  10. Inscription on Table Aulus Clodius Flaccus, son of Aulus, And Numerius Arcaeus Arellianus caldeus, Son of Numerius, Duumvirs with judicial power, Saw to the standardisation of the measures In accordance with a decree of the town councillors. Page 63 Secrets of Vesuvius

  11. Temple of Jupiter Temple of Jupiter Commemorative arch

  12. Temple of Jupiter • Northern end of Forum • Built in 2nd C AD • Rededicated to triad: Jupiter (Zeus), Minerva (Athena), Juno (Hera). • Each side has a monumental arch faced with marble • Dedication (Royals) uncertain

  13. Temple of the Lares

  14. Temple of the Lares • Probably housed statues of Royals • Built by Pompeiians after the earthquake as thanksgiving for safety • No definitive evidence as to its usage

  15. Temple of the Genius of Augustus Marble Altar

  16. Temple of the Genius of Augustus • Also known as Temple of Vespasian • Built by priestess Mamia • Altar • Sacrifice

  17. Temple of Augustan Fortune • Directly opposite Forum Baths • Beginning 1st C AD • Temple of the Cult of the Divine Augustus • Corinthian columns • White marble capitals • Marble-faced podium faced the street • Cult Statue of Augustus on raised platform

  18. Temple of Venus • Built in 1st C BC • May be earlier temples dedicated to Mephitis (Samnite)

  19. Temples …There are more. Many more… • But we ate cream and trifle instead of researching.

  20. Foreign Cults • P and H influenced by Egypt and Mediterranean • Mystery cults • Afterlife and Resurrection

  21. The cult of Sabazius • God of Vegetation • Evidence of worship: garden in region II • Altar was found with Sacellum behind • Important symbols: snake and crown • Bronze hands: ritual divination Fingers arranged in way of blessing  also found in H

  22. Judaism and Christianity • Hard to determine • Jewish names- Mary, Martha, David inscribed on walls • Little evidence of communities • Jews in Campania towns • Garum container: ‘Kosher’ • Graffiti in P: “sodomoa Gomora” reference to cities of the Jordan Valley

  23. Tombs • Majority for elite families • “multi-occupancy”(Morsoleum) within larger tombs, smaller ones were found • Lack of expression of social distinction: men and women placed together • Evidence of the individual’s life through associated artifacts • Evidence: burial changes over time • P: 1st century BC-1st Century AD with single and multiple families • Intricacy varied with wealth and status of family

  24. Tombs cont… • Placed by the side of the roads outside the Town: Evidence today: north from the Herculaneum Gate and south from the Nuceria Gate • Chest or vase within tomb containing ashes • Recesses in walls often found holding families • Believed to be respectful to the ghost of the person by placing on side of the road otherwise risk haunting • The dead were believed to continue living; therefore needed tools and appropriate artifacts with them: women had jewellery, a craftsmen had his tools

  25. Elite Tombs • Used to honour • Used to flatter the family, not give note of their service • Most important: “Exedra tombs”-semicircle, benches, colums or altar8 found in P • Honour also given to women • Tomb of Vestorius Priscus: outside Vesuvius gate

  26. Tombs of the freedmen • As much evidence of these as of the elite • Status of freedmen expressed in ability to pay • Freedmen and women intent on expressing status

  27. Multi Occupancy Tombs • Tomb of the Flavii- 50-30BC

  28. Tombs Cont… • New tomb:’ House Tomb’ popular from 1st C AD • Stelae used to mark burial places • One main member in a multi occupancy tomb- their inscription displayed • Inscriptions: name, achievements, little personal information

  29. The Lares • Spirits • Lararium • Temple of Lares • Shrines at street corners • Imperial cult • Offerings given

  30. Types of Lares: Compitales— crossroads Domestici— the house Familiares— family Patrii - homeland (fatherland) Permarini— the sea Praestitis— the state Rurales— land Viales— travellers

  31. Shrine to Lares Compitales

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