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Active Directory Fundamentals Thomas Lee Chief Technologist QA thomas.lee@qa.com. What we will cover:. Domain, Trees, Forests Domain Controllers, Sites The Domain Naming Service Replication Operations Masters Lots of demos…. Prerequisite Knowledge.
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Active Directory Fundamentals Thomas Lee Chief Technologist QA thomas.lee@qa.com
What we will cover: • Domain, Trees, Forests • Domain Controllers, Sites • The Domain Naming Service • Replication • Operations Masters • Lots of demos….
Prerequisite Knowledge • Understanding of what a directory service is • Networking skills! Level 200+
Agenda • Active Directory Logical Concepts • Active Directory Physical Concepts • DNS • Replication • Operations Masters
Active Directory Logical Concepts Domains • Boundary of Security • NOT!!! • Boundary of Authentication • Boundary of Replication • Domain NC Replication • Boundary of DNS Namespace • Boundary of Administration KAPOHO.NET
Active Directory Logical Concepts Trees • Hierarchy of Domains forming a contiguous DNS namespace • Transitive Trust Relationships between domains • All domains in a Tree share: • Schema • Configuration • Global Catalog KAPOHO.NET HAWAII.KAPOHO.NET EUROPE.KAPOHO.NET MAUI.HAWAII.KAPOHO.NET
Active Directory Logical Concepts Forests • Hierarchy of Domains forming a contiguous or disjoint namespace • Transitive Trust Relationships • All Domains in a Forest share: • Schema • Configuration • Global Catalog KAPOHO.NET PSP.CO.UK HAWAII.KAPOHO.NET
Active Directory Logical Concepts Organizational Units • Containers within Domains • Distinct Units of Administration • Unique to Domains • Two main uses: • Delegation • Policies
Agenda • Active Directory Logical Concepts • Active Directory Physical Concepts • DNS • Replication • Operations Masters
Active Directory Physical Concepts Domain Controllers Primary Domain Controller (PDC) Domain Controllers (DC) Backup Domain Controller (BDC)
Active Directory Physical ConceptsSites • What is a Site? • A set of well-connected IP subnets • Site Usage • Locating Services (e.g. Logon, DFS) • Replication • Group Policy Application • Sites are connected with Site Links • Connects two or more sites
Active Directory Physical ConceptsSite Topology DC = Domain Controller GC = Global Catalog DC GC Site A Company.com Site C DC DC GC DC Site B europe.company.com america.company.com
Active Directory Physical ConceptsGlobal Catalog • Partial Replica of all Objects in the Forest • Configurable subset of Attributes • Fast Forest-wide searches • Required at Logon for Universal Group Membership • Win2k3 – Universal Group Caching
Agenda • Active Directory Logical Concepts • Active Directory Physical Concepts • DNS • Replication • Operations Masters
DNS • DNS is fundamental to AD • No DNS == No AD • Even on a single server! • You have options over: • DNS Topology • DNS Namespace • DNS Server
DNS DNS • SRV Records to locate services (req’d.) • DDNS for Dynamic Update (desired) • Windows 2000 and up, DNS also provides: • Incremental Zone Transfer • Active Directory Integrated • Single replication topology • Multi-master replication • Secure Dynamic update Tip: Use the latest version of BIND!
DNSDNSImplementations • No existing DNS infrastructure • Deploy Microsoft DNS • Existing DNS meets requirements • Existing DNS not adequate: • Choice 1: Update Server • Choice 2: Migrate to Microsoft DNS • Choice 3: Delegate a subdomain to Microsoft DNS
Agenda • Active Directory Logical Concepts • Active Directory Physical Concepts • DNS • Replication • Operations Masters
ReplicationReplication Details • Naming Contexts that are replicated • Schema Naming Context • Configuration Naming Context • Domain Naming Context • Multi-Master Replication • Intra-site Bi-directional Ring Topology • Inter-site Spanning Tree Topology • Synchronous RPC over TCP/IP • Asynchronous SMTP
ReplicationNaming Contexts • Schema • Definitions of attributes • Replicated to all DCs in the forest • Configuration • AD Structure (domains, sites, and where the DCs are) • Replicated to all DCs in the forest • Domain • Domain specific objects (users, groups, computers, and OUs) • Replicated to all DCs in its domain
ReplicationReplication Topologies • Intra-Site Replication: AD replication between DCs within a Site • Inter-site Replication: AD replication between Sites
ReplicationIntra-Site Replication • RPC Replication in a Site • No compression • Assumes good network connections • Uses notification process • 5 minutes -2k • Less – 2k3 • KCC Generates a bi-directional Ring with extra edges Tip: Always let KCC generate the intra-site replication topology when possible
ReplicationInter-Site Replication • Replication between Sites • DS-RPC (RPC over IP) or SMTP Transports • SMTP can be used only between • GCs across Sites • DCs of different domains and in different sites • Compression • 10%-20% of original size • Scheduled
ReplicationSite-Links, Bridges and Bridgehead Servers • Site Links link two or more sites • Cost and schedules can be specified • Transitive (can be disabled) • Site-Link Bridges • Bridge two or more site links • Bridgehead servers • KCC generates a minimum cost spanning tree Tip: Always let KCC generate the replication topology
Agenda • Active Directory Logical Concepts • Active Directory Physical Concepts • DNS • Replication • Operations Masters
Operations MastersSchema and Domain • Schema • Perform updates to schema • Sends updates to all DCs • One per forest • Default is the first DC installed • Domain • Performs add/remove of domains and cross-references to external DS • One per forest • Default is the first DC installed
Operations MastersPDC, RID and Infrastructure • Primary Domain Controller (PDC) • Acts as a PDC for requests from NT clients • One per domain • Relative Identifier (RID) • Generates pools of security identifiers to be distributed to DCs in the domain • One per domain • Infrastructure • updates SIDs and domains that are moved in and out of the domain
Summary • There are Logical and Physical concept • DNS • Plenty of Information
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