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Indians East of the Mississippi. In 1820, an estimated 125,000 Indians remained east of the Mississippi River.Primarily in the South: Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Cherokees, and Seminoles.For whites, they inhabited prime agricultural land?cotton.1824, Monroe's removal proposal.. Accommodation. M
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1. Westward Expansion Part I: Indian Removal
2. Indians East of the Mississippi In 1820, an estimated 125,000 Indians remained east of the Mississippi River.
Primarily in the South: Choctaws, Chickasaws, Creeks, Cherokees, and Seminoles.
For whites, they inhabited prime agricultural land—cotton.
1824, Monroe’s removal proposal.
3. Accommodation Many natives saw the only way to survive was through accommodation—adopting white culture.
Whites viewed natives as innately inferior.
Accommodation included fashion, housing, language, and religion.
Rivalry between mixed-bloods and full-bloods.
4. Cherokee of Georgia In 1820, remaining Cherokee land included North Georgia and Western North Carolina.
Cherokee had been persuaded to give up hunting and adopt western agriculture—farming; cotton plantations & slaves.
Many embraced this “civilization program.”
Primary leaders of this movement were mixed-bloods.
5. Cherokee Republic Cherokee established a court system, abandoned blood revenge, and adopted a republican constitution.
Cherokee syllabary created by Sequoyah.
Cherokee Phoenix
New Echota
6. Cherokee Phoenix
7. New Echota
8. Gold Rush Whites had pressured the Cherokee and state government for native land.
1829-30, gold was discovered in Cherokee territory; Dahlonega.
Massive migration of whites into territory.
9. Pressure on Cherokee Land fever increased, Georgia increased pressure on the Cherokee.
Legislature overturned the Cherokee constitution and laws.
Tribal members would be tried in state courts.
Congress passed removal bill in 1830.
10. Cherokee Resistance Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)—domestic dependent nation (not a separate nation).
Cherokee Nation sued state of Georgia in federal courts again.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832).
Marshall’s Supreme Court sided with the Cherokees.
Ruled Indian tribes had authority over their own lands, Georgia had no right to extend state laws over Indian territory.
11. Reaction Jackson said, “Marshall has made his ruling, now let him enforce it.”
Went ahead with removal plan.
Old Southwest Indians were the first to go from Mississippi and Alabama.
Cherokees held out longest.
12. More Resistance Chief John Ross, mixed-blood Indian (7/8 Scottish).
Led removal resistance.
Kidnapped by Georgia authorities; refused to deal with him.
Released him once removal was finally negotiated.
Deadline was 1838, most refused to go.
13. Trail of Tears The U.S. Army, under now-president Martin Van Buren, rounded up resistance members and forced them to march west.
15,000 marched, Ľ died on the way.
Exposure, disease, and exhaustion.
Western land in modern-Oklahoma was cheaper and inferior; organized as Indian Territory.
14. Removal Resistance Removal also effected remaining Indians in old Northwest Territory.
Small rebellion led by Black Hawk in Illinois.
Seminoles in Florida led by Osceola held out until 1842 in the Everglades.
Some Cherokee hid in Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina—modern-day Cherokee, N.C.
16. White Reaction to Removal Few whites cared—just missionaries and some eastern reformers.
Jackson in his Farewell Address of 1837, stated, Indians finally “placed beyond the reach of injury or oppression, and that [the] paternal care of the General Government will hereafter watch over them and protect them.”
