Distant shores not only from the geographical point of view

1. Distant shoresnot only from the geographical point of view In the deep past, human beings were thirsty for getting to know the world behind their territory. For that purpose, they became full of desire for discovering new resources to satisfy their ever increasing appetite for more. How that occurred in the early history of the two English speaking countries, bulging with personalities and events, is shown in the following snapshots. If only you enjoyed them and could understand certain circumstances which started up incidents in various parts of the world.

2. Famous sailors and their discoveries

3. The following snapshot might make you angry as the sailors´names, their nationalities and discoveries are a little mixed up

4. S a i l o r Nationality W h a t h e d i d 1 Amerigo Vespucci a French A 1st white man landing on the shore of the American continent 2 Abel Tasman b Italian B landed on 1 of the Bahama Islands, believed hat he discovered India 3 James Cook c Dutch C explored the eastern coast of North America, founded 1st English colony 4Christopher Columbus d English D gave the new continent his name 5 Leif Ericson e Italian E discovered the Gulf of St.Lawrence in 1534 in Canada 6 Giovanni Cabott f Scandinavian F discovered New Zealand in 1642, 1st European, was not allowed to land by the Maoris 7 Walter Raleigh g Italian G explored the coasts of Australia, landed in Botany Bay near Sydney in 1770, mapped the 2 main islands of N. Zealand 8 Jacques Cartier h English H sailed along the Canadian coast in 1497

5. You´ve just got acquainted with some facts… so what to do next? Match all the letters to the numbers and you can check your knowledge at the very end after consulting the key. If you feel like getting to know more about some important facts in American history, it will be advisable to fill in the verbs that are below the texts.

6. Glimpses of American history

7. Glimpses of American history 1. The first colonists, sent from Britain, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at the James River in Virginia in 1607 and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the Ist English colony Jamestown. The Virginians _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ how to grow crops and they _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tobacco. The first Negroes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the colonists. The verbs to be used in the previous paragraph: :o) call :o) land :o) be/sell :o) export :o) learn All the verbs will be in the past tense and some of them in the passive (be/sell). Enjoy further information. *

8. Glimpses of American history 2. Another permanent English colony _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in present day Massachusets by the Puritans. The first group of 102 English men, women and children _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ known as the Pilgrim Fathers. They _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the colony Plymouth. During the cold winter many of the Puritans _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of hunger or epidemics. The colonists who survived _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the rich harvest and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to give thanks to the Lord. They held the day of Thanksgiving. Here are the verbs you need now: :o) become :o) die :o) celebrate :o) name :o) decide :o) be/set up *

9. Glimpses of American history 3. In spite of the fact that the Puritans _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at their original home in England and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to reform the Church of England, they _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ tolerant in their colony. They _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ those who did not go to church on Sundays. No one else except for members of the Puritan Church _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to vote. Remember to fill in the necessary verbs: :o) be/allow :o) punish :o) not/be :o) want :o) be/persecute

10. Colonization of the new land

11. Glimpses of American history 4. Therefore other regions, especially along the Atlantic coast, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by British, Dutch, Irish, French and German colonists. Why? They _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by religious and personal freedom, wealth and new lands. Industries _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and the colonists _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on England which _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the American trade for England´s own profit. The British government _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the direct taxes on the colonial Americans. However, the colonists _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to pay the new taxes. A lot of British soldiers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the colonies and violent incidents _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. First make sure you can understand the meanings of the verbs: :o) be/attract :o) develop :o) refuse :o) control :o) lay :o) be/send :o) depend :o) occur :o) be/settle *

12. Was the last part difficult? It may have seemed like that as it was quite long. However, that was not the most difficult. Note: You may have noticed that the offered verbs are in the alphabetical order. Cheer up! 5. In Boston in 1770 some soldiers _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ five men and boys and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ others. In 1773 about 50 Americans, dressed as Indians, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ aboard three British ships and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a cargo of British tea into the sea. The Boston Tea Party _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the beginning of the War of Independence. English King George III _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a few laws to punish the colonists and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the Boston harbour. For the last two paragraphs you will need these verbs: :o) climb :o) kill :o) throw :o) close :o) mark :o) wound :o) pass *

13. Boston Tea Party Boston nowadays

14. Glimpses of American history 6. The representatives from the original thirteen colonies _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in Philadelphia. They _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ George Washington Commander-In-Chief of the American Army. The open war against England _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. The Americans _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ bravely. On July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the Declaration of Independence which _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the United States of America. It _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by Thomas Jefferson and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _new political principles. Americans _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ of King George III and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ their land. And the verbs needed: :o) adopt :o) defend :o) start :o) appoint :o) establish :o) state :o) complain :o) fight :o) be/write :o) meet *

15. Glimpses of American history Signing of The Declaration Declaration of Independence

16. Glimpses of American history 7. The British in Boston _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and the war in New England _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . France _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to help the Americans to win the war. But King George III _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ defeat until 1783 when the peace treaty _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in Paris. Finally, Great Britain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the independence of the United States. It _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the Mississippi and the Great Lakes as the western frontier of America. Why don´t you use these verbs? :o) accept :o) begin :o) be/sign :o) not/acknowledge :o) end :o) surrend :o) recognize *

17. Glimpses of American history 8. After a number of compromises all the 13 states _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the Constitution in 1789. However, many people _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ it and, under the pressure of the American people, ten amendments, known as the Bill of Rights, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ be added to the Constitution in 1791. It _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the people certain important rights. You will need only four verbs to fill in the short paragraph: :o) guarantee :o) oppose :o) have to :o) ratify It´s really easy, isn´t it? *

18. Glimps of American history 9. George Washington _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the first American president. His task was to pay off war debts that the United States _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to France. The French _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the American ships. The Quasi War with France _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by signing the Convention in 1800. Along with the negotiations with the British (1796), the U. S. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ their new diplomatic course. Do you know these verbs? :o) assert :o) end :o) owe :o) become :o) seize *

19. Glimpses of American history 10. The United States _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ across the continent. In 1803, during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson, they _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the former French territories from the French under Napoleon for about 15 million dollars. The so called “Lousiana Purchase” _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the western half of the Mississippi Valley to the Gulf of Mexico. American troops _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Florida in 1811. In 1819 they _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ it from Spain for 5 million dollars. To fill in the verbs in this paragraph will take you a while. There are only four verbs available. :o) buy – twice :o) contain :o) occupy :o) expand

20. Glimpses of American history 11. As Britain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ most of the Atlantic Ocean, it _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ American ships and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ American ports from exporting and importing goods. The United States _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ all their commercial connections. In 1812 they _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ war on Britain. The Treaty of Ghent (1814) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the pre-war status quo and the war _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the independence of the U. S. A. Would you like to learn about something interesting? Here are the verbs: :o) block :o) declare :o) reaffirm :o) control :o) disable :o) reestablish :o) lose *

21. Glimpses of American history 12. The Constitution _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ slavery. Both slave and non-slave states _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ equal in number in 1820. The Missouri Compromise, a new law, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a line along the 36° 30´parallel. The Northern states had to be free, whereas in the South the slave system _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . However, Northern and Southern states _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ in economy. To complete this short part you should use these verbs: :o) be :o) not/be/prohibit :o) draw :o) tolerate :o) differ *

22. Glimpses of American history 13. The North _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an industrial area with factories, big cities and railroads. Coal and iron _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ there. They _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ products. In the South farms and plantations _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ across the landscape. Rich planters _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ large profits thanks to slave labour that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ them great wealth. The English textile factories _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cotton, which _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the North and to England. The main differences will appear after filling in these verbs: :o) become :o) be/mine :o) bring :o) need :o) make :o) be/ship :o) manufacture :o) spread *

23. Glimpses of American history 14.Texas, originally a part of Mexico, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by American slaveholders who helped Texas win independence in 1836. The United States _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Texas in 1845. In 1846 the Americans _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the Oregon territory. By the Oregon Treaty the whole Pacific coast to the North of California _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the United States. In the same year a war with Mexico _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. It _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ only two years (1846 – 1848) and the U. S. A. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ over a half of Mexico´s territory (the present California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico). The Rio Grande _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ as the southern boundary of Texas. Now you´re really advanced so you´ll be able to use these verbs: :o) annex :o) enter :o) last :o) break out :o) be/join :o) be/recognise :o) conquer :o) be/settle *

24. Glimpses of American history 15. Especially after the Mexican War the disputes between the North and the South _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . The Northerners _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ all the new territories to be free, whereas the Southerners _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to introduce slavery there. In 1854 the Northerners _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a new political party, the Republican party, concentrating those who _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the abolition of slavery. The other big party, the Democrats, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by the slaveowners. To get to know what really happened, can you fill in these verbs? :o) ask for :o) increase :o) be/support :o) form :o) want - twice

25. Glimpses of American history 16. Abraham Lincoln, a successful lawyer, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ as a leader of the Republican Party. The Republicans _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the election and Lincoln _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ president. After that eleven Southern states _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the Union (23 states) and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the Confederate States of America. They _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the first President of the Confederacy, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a Constitution and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a new flag. They _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ independently from the Union. Do not be afraid of this part as the verbs that you need are here: :o) act :o) be/choose :o) form :o) adopt :o) draw up :o) leave :o) become :o) elect :o) win

26. Glimpses of American history 17. A Southern Army _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the federal forts in the South. All of them _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ except for Fort Sumter, which _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to evacuate. The Southern forces _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ it by force in April, 1861 and the Civil War _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . At first the South _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ successful and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the support of the British ruling class because the British cotton industry _ _ _ _ _ _ _ American cotton. Northern attacks _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by Robert E. Lee, the Commander-In-Chief of The Confederate army. His invasion of the North _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ at Gettysburg in 1863. This is the last difficult part in which you need: :o) attack :o) have :o) be/stop :o) be :o) need :o) surrend :o) begin :o) refuse :o) take :o) be/repel *

27. Glimpses of American history 18. Lincoln also _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a capable Union general, Ulysses S. Grant. He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ complete control of Mississippi and in April, 1865 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. General Lee _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to general Grant which _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the Civil War had come to an end. During the war, in 1862, President Lincoln _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the Emancipation Proclamation which _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ freedom to all slaves. You are aproaching the end of the glimpses. Use these verbs: :o) capture :o) gain :o) mean :o) find :o) grant :o) surrend :o) issue *

28. General Lee General Grant Civil War (1861 – 1865)

29. Glimpses of American history 19. What were the main results of the Civil War? The North _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ their goal - slavery _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. Northern troops _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ the defeated states that _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ into 5 military districts. Each of them _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ by a Federal general. You may have heard about them. Anyway, the needed verbs are: :o) be/abolish :o) be/divide :o) occupy :o) achieve :o) be/rule

30. Glimpses of American history 20. Three other amendments _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to the Constitution. The 13th _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ slavery, the 14th _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Negroes as citizens and 15th amendment _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Negroes the right to vote. In 1876 the Federal troops _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and the military occupation _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. The United States _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ become the most powerful country in the world. Here are the verbs to finish the last part :o) be/add :o) end :o) recognize :o) can :o) give :o) withdraw :o) prohibit

31. Sailor/Nationality/What he did 1 b/e/g D 2 c F 3 d/h G 4 b/e/g B Sailor/Nationality/What he did 5 f A 6 b/e/g H 7 d/h C 8 a E And here is the promised key that may be used in case of necessity

32. 1. landed called learnt exported were sold 2. was set up became named died celebrated decided * In this part the verbs are in the correct order

33. 3. were persecuted wanted were not punished was allowed 4. were settled were attracted developed depended controlled laid refused were sent occurred The key

34. 5. killed wounded climbed threw marked passed closed 6. met appointed started fought adopted established was written stated complained depended * The key

35. 7. surrended ended began didn´t acknowledge was signed recognised accepted 8. ratified opposed had to guaranteed The key

36. 9. became owed seized ended asserted 10. expanded bought contained occupied bought * The key

37. 11. controlled blocked disabled lost declared reestablished reaffirmed 12. tolerated were drew wasn´t prohibited differed The key

38. 13. became were mined manufactured spread made brought needed was shipped 14. was settled annexed entered was joined broke out lasted conquered was recognized The key

39. 15. increased wanted wanted formed asked for was supported 16. was chosen won became left formed elected drew up adopted acted The key

40. 17. attacked surrended refused took began was had needed were repelled was stopped 24.found gained captured surrended meant issued granted * The key

41. 19. achieved was abolished occupied were divided was ruled * 20. were added prohibited recognized gave withdrew ended could * The key

42. To be continued … Next time we are going through BritishPersonalities