Russian and Chinese Empire-Building [1450-1750]

1. Russian and ChineseEmpire-Building[1450-1750] AP World History Notes

2. Russia Today

3. Former Soviet Region Compared in Latitude & Area with the United States

4. Russia’s Time Zones

5. Topography of Russia

6. Rich Soil of the Steppes Chernozen Soil

7. Siberia  “Permafrost” • Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C • 150,000,000 population. • A former “gulag” Soviet prison camp.

8. Making the Russian Empire Russian state centered on the city of Moscow Conquered a number of neighboring Russian-speaking cities Continued to expand south and east of Moscow Brought together a wide variety of different peoples and cultures

9. Making the Russian Empire

10. Motivations for Russian Expansion • Motivation #1 = security from the nomadic pastoral peoples • Lived in the grasslands south and east of the Russian heartland • Russians = afraid one of these groups will rise to power like the Mongols • These nomads frequently raided Russia’s neighbors and sold many of them into slavery

11. Motivations forRussian Expansion • Motivation #2 = Pelts of fur-bearing animals • To the east across the vast expanse of Siberia • Very valuable and in-demand item • Nickname = “soft gold”

12. Russian Point of View • To Russians, their empire meant: • Defending the Russian frontiers • Enhancing the power of the Russian state • Bringing Christianity, civilization, and enlightenment to “savages”

13. Life in Russia • Russia was still in the Middle Ages . • There was very, very little interaction with the rest of Europe or the world. • Mongol rule had isolated them. • No Renaissance, Age of Exploration

14. Russian Life • There were only three social classes. • The Boyars • The Church • The Serfs

15. The Boyars • Russian nobles, most called themselves Princes. • 10th – 17th Centuries were the “real” rulers of Russia. • Positions in society were based on service your family did for the Czar and owning land. • Pretty much had no checks on their local power. • Could change your loyalty to different princes, depending on what they would give you in return.

16. The Boyars • Lived on their feudal estates with their own armies and self-sufficient economies. • Little interest in the outside world. • ?

17. The Church = Russian Orthodox • One of the oldest Christian religions. • Does not recognize the Pope or Catholic Church. • They believe they practice the Christian religion of the Roman Emperor Constantine.

18. Russian Orthodox Church • Ruled by the Patriarch. • Urged people to not be corrupted by outside influences. • Urged the serfs to remain loyal without questioning the Boyars. • Life is suffering, but heaven will be your reward.

19. Russian Orthodox Church

20. The Serfs • At the time of Peter the Great, they made up 95% of the population in Russia. • They were essentially slaves – bound to the land and bound to the noble.

21. The Serfs • Had absolutely no say about anything in their lives.

22. THE LIFE OF A SERF

23. Early Russia

24. Novgorod

25. The Mongols Invade Russia

26. Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505) Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

27. GATHERING IN THE RUSSIAS • Ivan III (or Ivan the Great, reigned 1462-1505) • Declared Russian independence from Mongol rule, 1480 • “Gathering the Russian land" • Acquire Russian speaking lands under Moscovy • Incorporated trading city Novgorod, 1470s • Cossacks • Free peasants settled on newly conquered lands • Recruited to settle steppe, serve as cavalry • Live as Orthodox steppe nomads • Extended Russian influence south into the steppes • The Third Rome • Ivan built strong centralized government • Modeled after the Byzantine empire • Called himself tsar (after Greek title "caesar") • Tsar head of both the state and Russian Orthodox church • Russians saw themselves as God’s successors to Rome, Constantinople

29. TIME OF TROUBLES • Ivan IV (reigned 1533-1584), Ivan III's grandson • Known as Ivan the Terrible (Or Dread in Russian) • Notorious for erratic, often violent rule • Reshaped the Russian government • Chosen Council--advisors chosen for merit • "Assemblies of the land" = local assemblies • Confiscated large estates • Redistributed land to supporters • Ivan IV's reign of terror • Oprichniki: Private, secret “police” • Used terror, cruelty to subdue civilian populations • War and famine followed Ivan's death in 1598 • Died without an heir • Romanov Dynasty establishes an autocratic monarchy • Mikhail Romanov chosen as new tsar in 1613 by representatives • Son of Russian Patriarch • Founder of Romanov dynasty, lasted until 1917 • Alexis Romanov limits power of nobles, Orthodox Church

30. Russia in the Late 1500s

32. Peter the Great of Russia Examine the portrait of Russian king Peter the Great & find things in the painting that help show his accomplishments

33. Russia before Peter the Great Russia’s was influenced by the Byzantine Empire but was conquered by the Mongols Ivan III successfully liberated Russia from the Mongols & ruled as the first czar (“caesar” or “king”) Over time, czars expanded Russia’s borders, increased their power over the nobles, & created an absolute monarchy

34. But Russia was not as advanced as Western European nations By the time Peter the Great became czar in 1682, Russia was a large empire Peter the Great

35. Russia before Peter the Great Russia was isolated from Western Europe & knew very little about the new ideas of the Renaissance While European nations grew wealthy from trade, made cultural advances, & had strong economies… …Russia had no advanced industry, no overseas colonies, & an economy of small-scale farmers Most Russians were feudal peasants working for nobles (called boyars)

36. Czar Peter the Great wanted to modernize & “Westernize” Russia to catch up with Europe In disguise, Peter toured Europe to learn new ways to modernize Russia While in Europe, Peter learned new ideas about shipbuilding, manufacturing, gov’t organization, city planning, music, & fashion

37. When he returned from Europe, Peter imposed new reforms to Westernize Russia: Adopted European fashions by banning beards for men & veils for women Adopted a European calendar Improved farming techniques Used mercantilism as an economic policy Modernized the army & navy Created iron & lumber factories Made himself head of the Orthodox Church (like Henry VIII in England)

38. Peter expanded Russia’s borders & built a new “European-style” Russian capital at St. Petersburg

39. The Legacy of Peter the Great As a result of Peter the Great, Russia became a more advanced, Western nation But, modernization was a slow process & Russia had not fully industrialized by World War I During World War I, revolutionaries overthrew the monarchy & created a radical new gov’t based on socialism

40. Peterhof • 1725 construction of Peterhof was completed • Dutch for "Peter's Court” was a grand residence, becoming known as the "Russian Versailles”

41. Peterhof

43. LIMITS OF WESTERNIZATION • Catherine II (reigned 1762-1795) • Made deal with boyars: back me, keep serfs • Continued Peter's policies of westernization • Attracted to Enlightenment • Rejected changes that would weaken her rule • Pugachev's rebellion in Caucasus (1773-1774) • Led by Cossacks, exiles, peasants, and serfs • Protest taxes • Led by Pugachev • Rebels Killed thousands of nobles, officials, and priests • Crushed by imperial army, 1774 • The end of Catherine's reforms • Pugachev's rebellion and French Revolution soured Catherine on reform • Reversed policy of westernization • Tried to restrict foreign influence in Russia • Expanded-southern Russia, Crimea, Lithuania, Belarus, Black Sea region

44. Russian empire building was motivated by the desire to subdue the pastoral peoples of central Asia and establish greater security. Remember their historical encounter with The Mongols?

46. WHAP is not all about "Leaders" & "Men" or in this case "Women, too." It is about ideas, comparisons, themes, & concepts. In this case, the main point is that Russia expanded quickly. Fur trade and the riches of the eastern territories drove this expansion as much, or more so than the leaders did. But their stories are pretty interesting, aren't they?

47. Russian Fur Trade Profits were the chief incentive for Russian expansion Had a similar toll on native Siberians as it had on Indians Dependence on Russian goods Depletion of fur-bearing animal Russians didn’t have competition, so they forced Siberians to provide furs instead of negotiating commercial agreements Private Russian hunters & trappers competed directly with Siberians populations

48. Russian Identity Problem Expansion made Russia a very militarizedstate Reinforced autocracy Colonization experience was different from the Americas Conquest of territories with which Russia had long interacted Conquest took place at the same time as development of the Russian state The Russian Empire remained intact until 1991 (more on the Soviets in CH 22)

49. How did the North American & Siberian fur trades differ? Both driven by demands of the world market Both had similar consequences for the native populations that participated in them - both native Siberians & Native Americans suffered from new diseases & dependence on the goods for which they traded furs. However, the trades also differed in that Native Americans dealt with several competing European nations who generally obtained their furs through commercial negotiations. No such competition existed in Siberia, where Russian authorities imposed a tax or tribute, payable in furs, on every able-bodied Siberian male between 18 & 50 years of age. A further difference lay in the large-scale presence of private Russian hunters & trappers, who competed directly with their Siberian counterparts.

50. “Soft Gold” or animal furs were often used as payment, money, & source of barter: Great value. Animal populations declined because of hunting. While natives in both America and Russian Siberia were greatly impacted by foreign disease. Muscovites is to Russians as Europeans is to Native Americans. In Siberia there was competition, Muscovites forced tribute. Yasak: fur tax that the natives of Siberia were forced to pay to the tsarist government of Russia. The political independence & economic prosperity of nomadic peoples came to an end. CompareNorth Americanfur trade&Siberian fur trade.