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Polymers

Polymers. By Mr. Dookoo. By PresenterMedia.com. Objectives . Item 1. Item 2. Distinguish between addition and condensation polymers. Combine monomers to make meaningful polymers. Define polymers. Compare difference between polymers and monomers.

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Polymers

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  1. Polymers By Mr. Dookoo By PresenterMedia.com

  2. Objectives Item 1 Item 2 Distinguish between addition and condensation polymers Combine monomers to make meaningful polymers Define polymers Compare difference between polymers and monomers Discuss the use of polymers in everyday Life and their negative effects Item 3 Item 4 Item 5

  3. What are polymers • Look at this video and lets see what you come up with http://www.xtranormal.com/watch/11168760 POLYMERS MONOMERS LINKAGE

  4. Polymers are macromolecules (macromolecules are giant molecular structures consisting of tens of thousands of atoms bonded together) formed by linking together thousandsof small molecules called monomers, usually in chains. There may be up to 50,000 monomers in a polymer! Polymers are formed by polymerisation.

  5. TYPES OF POLYMERS ADDITION CONDENSATION

  6. Understanding how it all works addition condensation • Only alkenes would undergo addition reaction • http://www.tvo.org/iqm/plastic/animations.html# • http://www.chemtube3d.com/polymer/index.html • It is the addition of two molecules eliminating a small molecule usually water

  7. Addition Polymers Here is the theory Addition polymer is constructed of one type of monomer. This is an unsaturated molecule, usually an alkene. Because of this, addition polymers are often referred to as polyalkenes. The polymers is formed when the double bonds in the monomer units break and the units join together. Long chain- like molecules are formed. Suitable conditions of temperature, pressure and catalyst are required for this process to take place. Note:only one type of product results in addition polymerisation.

  8. An example of an addition polymer is polypropene formed from the monomer propene. H HHHHH C=C CCCC H CH3 H CH3 H CH3 PropenePolypropene The double bonds are broken. The prefix poly means many, therefore, polypropene literally means ‘many propene’. Many polyalkenes posses properties of substances that are commonly referred to as plastics, substances that can be easily molded. They have a wide range of uses in everyday life.

  9. Condensation Polymers • A condensation polymer can have monomers of one or two types. The polymer is formed when monomer units join together with the elimination of a small molecule like water. Two products are formed as a result of this type of polymerisation, the polymer and the small, eliminated molecule. • There are: • Natural condensation polymers, e.g. protein and starch • Synthetic or man- made condensation polymers, e.g. nylon and terylene.

  10. CONDENSATION POLYMERS • polyamide • The linkage is CONH • polysaccharides • The linkage is –o- • polyesters • The linkage is COO

  11. Polyamides A natural polyamide is protein. The monomers that make up proteins are amino acids. There are 20 different types different types of amino acids found in natural proteins. Two amino acids join together when the H from an amine, N-H in the one amino acid and the OH from the C-OH in another amino acid O are eliminated in the form of water. An amide linkage is formed. The resulting molecule is called a dipeptide. The general formula for amino acids is: HO C R N H O H A synthetic polyamide is nylon.

  12. There are 2 types of monomers in this polymer: A diacidHO C X C OH H O (For nylon X is C6H12) A diamine H N Y N H H H (For nylon Y is C4H8)

  13. Polyesters • Polyesters are synthetic fibers, such as terylene, made as imitations of natural materials like wool and cotton. Polyester structure consists of many monomers joined together by ester bonds. The monomers in a polyester are: A diacid- HO C X C OH O O (In terylene X is C2H4) A dialcohol- HO Y OH (In terylene Y is C2H4)

  14. Polysaccharides Polysaccharides are natural polymers such as starch and cellulose. The monomers are monosaccharide or simple reducing sugars, e.g. glucose and fructose of molecular structure C6H12O6. Simple representation of glucose: HO X OH Two glucose units join together by the elimination of water to produce a disaccharide, sucrose. HO X OH HO X OH HO X O X OH Two glucose molecules disaccharide- sucrose C12H22O11 Many glucose units join together to give the polysaccharide starch. [ O X O X O ]n

  15. Hydrolysis of Polymers Many condensation polymers are produced by the removal of water from the monomers. Hydrolysis or addition of water to the polymer can reverse this process and produce the monomers. Carbohydrates and proteins can be hydrolyzed in: • In biological systems- hydrolysis is achieved by enzymes during digestion. • Polysaccharides and proteins can be hydrolyzed to monosaccharide and amino acids, respectively in the lab by boiling with dilute acid, H2SO4 or HCl. The structure of a protein can be determined by hydrolyzing the protein and identifying the amino acids present by chromatography.

  16. Comparing the Properties of monomers and polymers • Polymers tend to have totally different physical and chemical properties from their monomers. Consider two examples, starch and polythene.

  17. Advantages and disadvantages of plastics

  18. That’s it! Hope you enjoyed

  19. Fun with polymers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIoKxmlMpJw&feature=fvwrel -MAKING SLIME http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uziSZngpdc4&feature=related -USES OF PLASTICS IN EVERYDAY LIFE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uCXBu8j6dlk - JUSTA REVIEW IF YOU DIDN’T UNDERSTOOD WHAT TOOK PLACE HERE IS ANOTHER POWERPOINT YOU CAN USE VERY USEFUL.. PolymerPowerPointComp.ppt

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