Subordinating conjunctions

1. Subordinating conjunctions Modal verbs

2. Adjectival endings • After der / die / dasetc: jener, jeder, welcher, solcher, mancher, und alle (plural) the following endings are used. Prepositions Prepositions - ACCUSATIVE bisuntil durchthrough für for gegenagainst ohnewithout um around wider against Changes to the definite article • Also the pattern for dieserthis/thesejenerthat/those jedereach/everywelcherwhichmanchermany a and solchersuch a. The plural also forms a pattern for alleall. Prepositions -DATIVE aus out of bei at, with mit with nachafter seit since von from zu to gegenüberopposite After ein / eine / ein etc kein, mein, dein, sein, ihr (=her), unser, euer, Ihr und ihr the adjective always has the following endings: Adjectives which are used alone before the noun have the following endings Prepositions - GENITIVE ausserhalb outside (an)statt instead of infolge because of trotz in spite of während during wegen because of Changes to the indefinite article • The pattern for ein, kein, mein, dein and sein. Prepositions –Dat OR Acc an on side of auf on top of vor in front of hinter* behind neben* next to zwischen* between über over unter* under ACC = Movement DAT = no movement * usually dative Past participle regular verbs ge + stem + t Perfect tense present tense haben/sein + past partiple Pluperfect tense – imperfect tense of haben / sein + past participle Ich war geblieben – I had stayed Ichhattegegessen – I had eaten * - ADD –es if the noun consists of only one syllable. Possessive adjectives – mein (my) dein (your) sein(his) ihr (her) unser (our) euer (your fam.pl) Ihr your (pol) ihr (their)

3. The passive voice Relative pronouns and clauses Relative pronouns correspond to ‘who, whom, whose, which or that’ in English. It is important to be able to identify whether it is a relative pronoun that is needed or the German word dass, . There is a simple test to help. If ‘who’ or ‘which’ can be substituted for ‘that’ without changing the meaning then it is a relative pronoun. If the substitution cannot be made without resulting in nonsense use dass, For example: This is the house that jack built. I think that you should go. Substitute which: This is the house which Jack built. I think which you should go. In English the relative pronoun is often missed out (The house Jack built/ the book I am reading/ the woman I saw). This NEVER happens in German and you must always use a relative pronoun. The forms of the relative pronoun: The relative pronoun agrees with the noun to which it refers in number (singular/ plural) and gender (masc/ fem/ neuter). The case of the relative pronoun is determined by its function in the relative clause. • NOMDas ist der Laden, der (Nom.) Handys verkauft. That is the shop which/that sells mobiles . ACC Dort ist der Laden, den ich liebe. There is the shopthat/ which I love. GEN Ich bin ein Mann, dessen Kinder faul sind. I am a man whose children are lazy. • DAT Die Frau, der ich besuchen habe, war sehr krank. • The woman, who I visited, was very ill. K.Whitehead

4. The present subjunctive II The present subjunctive II – modal verbs or + infinitive Wennichreichwäre, würdeichreisen - if I were rich, I would travel… Wennich Tennis spielenwürde – If I were to play tennis… Wennwirdasmachenwürden – If we were to do that … Wenn ich müsste – If I had to Wenn er dürfte – If he was allowed Use the present subjunctive form of the modal verb plus the infinitive Wennichgehenmüsste - If I had to go Wennerspielenwollte – if he wanted to play Common exceptions The past subjunctive II – modal verbs The past subjunctive II * most commonly used • To form sentences in the past subjunctive, you use the conditional form of seinor habenIchwäreIchhätte • plus the past participle gegangengespielt To form the past subjunctive with a modal verb, you need to use a double infinitive.  The auxiliary verb will always be "hätte," even if the main verb is a verb of motion or describes a change of state: • EXAMPLE: I should have eaten fruit • 1. Start with hätten – this has to agree with the pronoun. Example: Ichhätte • 2. Select your next verbs and leave it in the infinitive. Example: essen • 3. Select you modal verb and leave it in the infinitive. Example: sollen • 4. Insert any extra information. Example: Obst • Ich hätte Obst essen sollen Wenn ich mein Taschengeld bekommen hätte, wäre ich gegangen. If I had recieved my pocket money, I would have gone. Wenn ich die Antwort gewusst hätte, hätte ich gesagt. If I had known the answer, I would have said. Wenn sie gegangen wäre, wäre sie in einem Hotel geblieben . If she had gone, she would have stayed in a hotel. K.Whitehead