Rome: Expansion

1. Rome: Expansion

2. Roman Government - Other Senate Magistrates Consuls Praetors Censors Assemblies Groups of citizens who voted on various things within the government. Tribunes – 10 elected officials from the assemblies who would vote to approve/disapprove of actions of the Senate or other officials.

3. The Army • All male citizens had to serve in the army for a certain amount of time. (most commanders were patrician, though plebeians could rise) • Legion- Basic unit of the military 4000-6000 soldiers divided into groups of 100 Centurians • Auxilia- Army units of non-citizens. Conquered territories were required to provide troops • Very strict discipline, and strong incentives. “Strength and Honor”

4. Expanding beyond Italy • Romans were proud of their government and culture- thought it was their destiny to be superior to other cultures • Allowed conquered people to keep their own Language, customs, religion etc… as long as they obeyed Roman law. (pay taxes, provide troops for Auxilia) • Most societies adapt and blend into Rome (cosmopolitan society)

5. The Punic Wars (Rome Vs. Carthage)

6. Who are we fighting and why is it important? • Carthage is a city in North Africa. • Largest power on South side of Mediterranean- expanding (like Rome) • Wanted territory in Sicily, Sardinia, Spain- and so did Rome • Carthage=Sea Power Rome= Land Power • First large scale war for Rome- cemented who they were and what they were about

8. First Punic War • 264-241 bc • Main argument was over Sicily • War took time to start b/c Rome needed to build a navy to compete with Carthage (stole one of their boats and copied it). • Developed “boarding bridges” to allow them to engage in hand-to-hand combat. • Rome wins (sort of)- gets Sicily and forces Carthage to pay Reparations (damages- costs of war)

9. Second Punic War • Carthage Strikes back 218-202 BCE • Carthage has a great commander- Hannibal. He attacks Rome from the North (unexpected) and uses Scorched Earth- destroys everything he passes to create panic. • Cannae- 216 BCE biggest defeat Rome will ever have- can anything stop Hannibal? • Rome decided the best plan is attack Carthage- draw Hannibal home- send Scipio • 202 BCE Hannibal killed at battle of Zama- Rome wins again- gets Spain

10. Third Punic War • 149-146 bc • Carthage is defeated- but Rome decides that as long as it exists- it is still a threat- no one can challenge Rome and live • Attack and wipe the city off the earth • For good measure- conquer Macedon/Greece because they had been Carthage’s ally.

11. Results of Punic Wars • Rome is master of the Mediterranean • Have Spain, North Africa, Greece • Divide conquered territories into provinces- each with a governor appointed by the senate • Conquered citizens become Roman subjects (not citizens)

12. Changes in The Roman Republic • Government • Senate/nobles more powerful • Formation of corrupt, provincial governments. • Agriculture • Small farmers lose land • Rome begins to get grain from outer provinces. • Society • Farmers cannot afford to rebuild – sell land and move to cities. • Urban poor depend on government for food (welfare) • New class of wealthy businessmen (equites)