AP U.S. HISTORY Unit 4 Notes

1. AP U.S. HISTORYUnit 4 Notes Expansion and Reform

2. Focus on when you read: • Trace the history of westward expansion • The motives for westward expansion • Causes and major events related to the War of 1812 • The role the Monroe Doctrine played in U.S. foreign policy • The beginning of the reform movement in America • How the events toward the end of the War of 1812 related to the beginning of the “Era of Good Feelings” • How the reform movement shaped the individual’s role in society.

3. Introduction • One might argue that the impulse for westward expansion existed in the United States from the very inception of the American Colonies. • The desire for westward expansion and expanded foreign commerce led to American involvement in the War of 1812, the Second War of Independence. • The U.S. began to assert itself in the world with the proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. • President Andrew Jackson’s policies toward the Southeastern Native American Tribes demonstrated how the desire for expansion superseded the concern for human rights. • James K. Polk becomes President on the promise of completing westward expansion and instigated a war to make it happen. • The Era of Good Feeling turned America’s attention back to domestic issues. • Andrew Jackson goes back and forth on the issue of States’ Rights • Much was accomplished during the Age of Reform

4. Unit 4.1: Roots of American Expansionism • What did our first four Presidents have to say about westward expansion? • How did the acquisition of Louisiana and the successful conclusion of the War of 1812 feed this desire to expand further west? • In what ways did the concept of Manifest Destiny unite the nation and justify the acquisition of western lands?

5. Unit 4.1: Roots of American Expansionism • What did our first four Presidents have to say about westward expansion? • The desire for expansion was present in the American Colonies from the very beginning, the earliest settlers were expanding west. They saw opportunity in expansion. • The Founding Fathers: • George Washington called the new nation a “rising empire”. • John Adams stated that the United States was “destined to occupy all of the northern part of this quarter of the globe and that when accomplished would be a significant achievement for mankind” • Thomas Jefferson said that the west would provide space for expansion to the thousandth and ten thousandth generation. • James Madison believed that the United States should extend the sphere of the republic as one great respectable and flourishing empire.

6. Unit 4.1: Roots of American Expansionism • How did the acquisition of Louisiana and the successful conclusion of the War of 1812 feed this desire to expand further west? • The Louisiana Purchase • The Louisiana Purchase opened the Mississippi River and put the dream of a Pacific Port within reach of the United States government. • People across the United States began to see the west as a place for a “new start”, as an escape from cultural, economic, and political oppression in the East. • The War of 1812 • One of the causes for the War of 1812 was the desire for expansion. • The War Hawks slogan was “On to Canada!” and they resented the British presence in the Northwest Territory. For the War Hawks expansion west was the road to greater sovereignty. • The development of the Concept of Manifest Destiny • One of the main problems presented by expansionist talk was the presence of native peoples in the region. • Manifest Destiny helped rationalize U.S. Foreign Policy • Manifest Destiny unified the nation behind a common cause and rally thepublic behind the government • Manifest Destiny helped counter criticisms by foreign nations.

7. Unit 4.1: Roots of American Expansionism • In what ways did the concept of Manifest Destiny unite the nation and justify the acquisition of western lands? • Benefits of Manifest Destiny • Farmers who had lost their land due to debts could become landowners again in the west. • Abundant raw materials became available to Eastern Manufacturers • Mining, Agriculture, and Land Speculation offered plentiful investment opportunities. • It, somehow, was used by some to justify the racial and cultural superiority of American Society. • Politicians and Military Leaders saw an opportunity in westward expansion to increase the status of the United States in the world community.

9. Unit 4.1: Roots of American Expansionism • In what ways did the concept of Manifest Destiny unite the nation and justify the acquisition of western lands? • Examples of failed Expansion efforts • The Ostend Manifesto • At first President James K. Polk offered to buy Cuba from Spain for $100 million, Spain refused to sell • Several Southern Adventurers led expeditions to attempt to liberate Cuba by force, all were thwarted and participants executed by Spanish Authorities. • In 1852 Franklin Pierce renewed the effort to purchase Cuba, he backed off when Antislavery activists found out and began extensive protests. • The Walker Expedition • After a failed attempt to conquer Baja, California from Spain, William Walker led a force that conquered Nicaragua in 1855 hoping to establish a pro-Slavery Central American empire. • A Coalition of Central American nations led by Honduras defeated Walker and executed him. • The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty • Both the United States and Great Britain had dreams of constructing a canal across Central America to link the Atlantic and Pacific. • To block each other the two nations signed a Treaty agreeing not to pursue a canal project. • The ban was later lifted in 1901 paving the way for U.S. construction of the Panama Canal.

10. American Hopes for expansion in the Caribbean and Central America rested with Cuba, Nicaragua, and Panama

11. Unit 4.1: Roots of American Expansionism • In what ways did the concept of Manifest Destiny unite the nation and justify the acquisition of western lands? • Successful Expansion efforts: • The Louisiana Purchase • Doubled the size of the nation, gave control of the Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans. • Acquisition of Florida • Acquired from Spain by the Adams-Onis Treaty for $5 million after Andrew Jackson essentially invaded Florida chasing Seminole raiding parties and capturing St. Augustine. • Annexation of Texas • Acquired after years as the Independent Republic of Texas (The Lone Star Republic) after a successful revolution against the government of Mexico. • The Oregon Territory • Although we did not get all of what we wanted, we were able to peacefully set the northern boundary of the U.S. at the 49th Parallel. Oregon settlers were demanding war with Britain for the entire Oregon Territory (“54 40 or Fight”). • The Mexican Cession • Acquired as the result of the Mexican War and the subsequent Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. This added California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada to U.S. territory. • The Gadsden Purchase • The U.S. paid $10 million to purchase a narrow strip of land from Mexico to complete the southern transcontinental railroad.

13. Unit 4.2: The War of 1812 • What were the causes for renewed conflict between the British and the young United States? • Describe the major military engagements and turning points of the War of 1812. • How did the conclusion of the War of 1812 effect American foreign policy and domestic politics?

14. Unit 4.2: The War of 1812 • What were the causes for renewed conflict between the British and the young United States? • Both the British and the French were violating American shipping and commercial rights on the Atlantic. • The British came off as the villains because the French were resuming trade with the U.S. and the British were practicing a policy of impressment. • Matters worsened further with the Chesapeake Incident. • Freedom of the Seas and Rights of Neutrals will be central to U.S. foreign policy all the way through World War II. • Americans were blaming the British and British Canadians for inciting Native American violence in the “Old Northwest”. • Native American Chief Tecumseh and his brother The Prophet rallied tribes throughout the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys hoping to restore traditional ways and halt American expansion. • Tecumseh was eventually defeated by William Henry Harrison in the Indiana Territory at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. • When British-made rifles were found on Natives, the War Hawks began screaming for a Declaration of War. • Western and Southern Democratic-Republicans (the War Hawks), led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, saw war with Britain as a path to claiming land from Native Americans in the west, vanquishing the British from Canada, and seizing Spanish Florida.

15. “Show respect to all people and bow to none” - Tecumseh

16. Unit 4.2: The War of 1812 • Describe the major military engagements and turning points of the War of 1812. • The United States was ill-prepared to wage war with Great Britain when war was declared on June 18, 1812. • The U.S. had an Army of less than 10,000 men and Naval fleet of less than 20 ships • Fortunately the British had problems of their own. • The British were involved in another war with the French, which kept them from fully focusing on the War of 1812 • Three American invasions of Canada resulted in miserable failures. • By 1813, the British Navy had successfully blockaded American ports and stifled U.S. commerce. This obviously effected the Federalists in New England the most. • Ironically, some of the early successes of the U.S. came against the British Navy at the Battle of Lake Erie and a famous engagement between the U.S.S. Constitution and HMS Guerriere . • American hard wood trees apparently made quite formidable battleships. • American troops on the ground fared much better against the Native Americans than they did against the British. • William Henry Harrison defeated Tecumseh at the Battle of the Thames (Tecumseh was killed in the battle) • Andrew Jackson defeated the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (after the victory a slaughter of Native American women, children, and elderly ensued as retribution for previous Native American attacks). • The British invaded the U.S. in 1814 and burned Washington DC, but they failed to capture Baltimore (held up at Fort McHenry). The British were then soundly defeated in upstate New York. • By the end of 1814 both sides had had enough and sued for peace. The Treaty of Ghent ended the fighting in the War of 1812 (they thought) • The most decisive American victory came at the Battle of New Orleans after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed. The battle made Andrew Jackson a national icon.

17. Battle of Lake Erie

18. Battle of New Orleans

19. Unit 4.2: The War of 1812 • How did the conclusion of the War of 1812 effect American foreign policy and domestic politics? • The U.S. Economy was devastated • Large portions of Washington DC had been destroyed • The Nation’s military did win some respect worldwide for holding their own against the powerful British. • The Federalist Party was discredited. • The Federalists attempted to sign their own treaty with the British (the Hartford Convention) and took several measures to weaken the war effort. • When the Hartford Convention was exposed the Federalist Party was destroyed. • The heroism and fame acquired by Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison would launch them to Presidential careers. • The amazing swell of American patriotism and collapse of the Federalist Party led to the election of James Monroe in 1816 and a period of political peace known as the “Era of Good Feelings”.

22. Unit 4.2: The War of 1812 • How did the conclusion of the War of 1812 effect American foreign policy and domestic politics? • Possibly the most important development that resulted from the conclusion of the War of 1812 was the obvious weakening of the Spanish Empire. • The sale of Florida to the United States in the Adams-Onis Treaty was followed by independence movements in all of Spain’s southern colonies, leaving them with only Cuba and Puerto Rico. • This left the United States poised to fill the “imperial” void left by the Spanish. • In 1823 President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine proclaiming American neutrality in European Affairs and forbidding European colonization in Latin America. • In 1815 the European powers, after defeating Napoleon, vowed to restore European Monarchies and their empires. This obviously alarmed the U.S. that they may try to restore Spain’s possessions in South America and the Caribbean. The British and Russians also had their eyes on the west coast of North America. • The Monroe Doctrine set the foundation for American Imperialism later in 1898.

23. Unit 4.3: James K. Polk and Manifest Destiny • What were the main goals of President James K. Polk with concern to Manifest Destiny? • What role did events in Texas and Oregon play in inspiring the concept of Manifest Destiny? • Describe the causes, major military engagements, and results of the Mexican War.

24. Unit 4.3: James K. Polk and Manifest Destiny • What were the main goals of President James K. Polk with concern to Manifest Destiny? • Annexation of Texas • Settlement of the Oregon Problem with the British • Acquire California and the rest of what is today the Southwest United States. • James K. Polk’s entire Presidency was centered around the fulfillment of Manifest Destiny. He was so successful in carrying this out that he declined to run for a second term in office.

25. Manifest Destiny at all cost……

26. Unit 4.3: James K. Polk and Manifest Destiny • What role did events in Texas and Oregon play in inspiring the concept of Manifest Destiny? • Manifest Destiny was a term coined by John O’Sullivan to describe the God-given right of the United States to expand west to the Pacific Ocean, it became the platform of James K. Polk when he ran for President in 1844. • The annexation of Texas renewed desires for westward expansion • In 1821 the newly independent government of Mexico encouraged American immigration into Texas. Before long Americans outnumbered Mexicans in Texas and Mexico began placing strict requirements on American immigrants (which were rarely complied with). • In 1829 the government began requiring immigrants to convert to Catholicism and abolished slavery (they hoped it would slow down American immigration, it did not). • In 1834 Santa Anna became dictator of Mexico and was determined to enforce the laws against immigration. • In 1836 Texas declared independence, set up a government, and selected Sam Houston to lead the Army of Texas. The Army of Texas suffered early defeats, most famous of which came at the Alamo. Shortly after the Alamo, another Texas Army was forced to surrender then were massacred on orders from Santa Anna. • These actions fueled Texas resistance. Santa Anna was eventually defeated at the Battle of San Jacinto, where Santa Anna himself was captured and forced to recognize Texas independence. • Although most Texans supported U.S. statehood they would have to wait more than 10 years as the Lone Star Republic before being annexed by the U.S.

28. Unit 4.3: James K. Polk and Manifest Destiny • What role did events in Texas and Oregon play in inspiring the concept of Manifest Destiny? • Developments in the relations between Mexico and the United States led to peaceful resolution of the Oregon question. • The 1839 Aroostook War nearly brought the U.S. and Britain to war again. As we entered the 1840s war with Mexico was clearly on the horizon. • Not wanting a war with both Mexico and Britain at the same time Polk sent a delegation to resolve the “Oregon Problem” with the British. • The Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled the boundary dispute between Maine and Canada. • Settlers in Oregon were demanding war with Britain to acquire the entire Oregon Territory, rich in fur trade. Their rallying cry became “54 40 or Fight” • Neither side wanted another war, so the Oregon Treaty was drafted extending the U.S.-Canadian border along the 49th Parallel.

30. Unit 4.3: James K. Polk and Manifest Destiny • Describe the causes, major military engagements, and results of the Mexican War. • Causes of the Mexican War • U.S.-Mexican relations began unraveling when the U.S. formally annexed Texas in 1845. • President Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico to offer to purchase the California-New Mexico region, but Mexico refused to sell. This left Polk to take more controversial steps toward acquiring the territory. • Polk sent troops to the Rio Grande River, crossing through a disputed territory (claimed by both the U.S. and Mexico) between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande. • When hostilities ensued Congress declared war even though the evidence of any Mexican wrong-doing was shaky at best. • James K. Polk had the war he needed to fulfill Manifest Destiny.

32. Unit 4.3: James K. Polk and Manifest Destiny • Describe the causes, major military engagements, and results of the Mexican War. • Major Military Engagements: • The Mexican War went extremely well for the United States military. • By 1847 we had conquered all of the American Southwest. • General Zachary Taylor’s army won victories at Buena Vista and Monterrey before being replaced by Polk for disobeying orders. • Zachary Taylor returned home a hero and later became President of the United States. • Taylor’s replacement, General Winfield Scott, won major victories at Vera Cruz, the mountain fortress of Chapultepec, and then sieged Mexico City itself forcing Santa Anna to flee and the Mexican Army to surrender. • The Mexican War also featured Stephen Kearney capturing New Mexico and Southern California; and John Freemont’s conquest of Northern California, which he proclaimed as the independent Bear Flag Republic.

33. From the Halls of Montezuma…….

34. Unit 4.3: James K. Polk and Manifest Destiny • Describe the causes, major military engagements, and results of the Mexican War. • The Mexican War was ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. • Mexico recognized American claims to the disputed territory in Texas North of the Rio Grande to the Nueces River. • Mexico ceded to the U.S. the territories of California (which had to be a hard pill to swallow once gold was discovered less than two years later) and New Mexico in return for $15 million (what Polk originally offered to pay in the first place). • The United States agreed to assume approximately $3 million in debts Mexico owed to American settlers.

35. Practice Question #1 • Which of the following was not in favor of U.S. territorial expansion in the first half of the nineteenth century? • Farmers • Manufacturers • Investors • Abolitionists • Religious leaders

36. Practice Question #2 • The term Manifest Destiny implies which of the following? • A desire to limit territorial expansion of the United States • That the cost of expansion is greater than its benefits • That it was America’s God-given right to expand • That nations should share newly discovered resources rather than fight over them • That taking land from others was a violation of God’s will

37. Practice Question #3 • The United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from: • Mexico • Britain • Spain • Russia • France

38. Practice Question #4 • The Gadsden Purchase: • Allowed the United States to build a southern transcontinental Railroad. • Was territory in the west where the Cherokee were relocated • Allowed the United States to extend its northern border with Canada to the Pacific Ocean • Was vetoed by President Polk • Gave the United States access to the Oregon Territory

39. Practice Question #5 • The War Hawks: • Were led by John Adams • Were opponents of Territorial expansions • Were U.S. Congressmen who represented the New England States • Supported going to war against Britain in the early nineteenth century • Was a Native American tribe who fought against U.S. territorial expansion

40. Practice Question #6 • The Hartford Convention: • Ended the War of 1812 • Was organized by the Federalist opposition to the war with Britain • Included some of the most important leaders of the Democratic-Republican Party • Was organized to oppose territorial expansion • Made way for Texas’s admission into the Union

41. Practice Question #7 • The Battle of New Orleans: • Was a major U.S. victory over Mexico • Convinced the British to agree to peace terms that ended the War of 1812 • Was fought after the peace treaty ending the War of 1812 was signed • Was a major Mexican victory over Texans • Was a major U.S. naval victory in the War of 1812

42. Practice Question #8 • “Fifty Four Forty or Fight” refers to: • The Federalists’ opposition to the War with Britain • The amount of money Mexico demanded from the United States in return for allowing it to annex Texas • The boundary dispute between the United States and Mexico • The War Hawks’ demand for concessions from the British for violating American neutrality rights • The dispute between Britain and the United States over the Oregon Territory

43. Practice Question #9 • Which of the following decisions by the Mexican government angered Americans who settled in Texas? • The Americans were required to pay enormous taxes to the Mexican Government • The Mexicans forbade the Americans from farming on the most fertile land • The Mexicans forbade the American settlers from trading with the United States • The American settlers were prohibited from becoming citizens of Mexico • The Mexican Government abolished slavery.

44. Practice Question #10 • The Supreme Court ruled in Worcester v. Georgia that: • Native American tribal land could not be purchased by the state of Georgia • Georgia must grant citizenship rights to the Cherokee living withn its borders • The Cherokee could not sue the State of Georgia in Federal Court • Georgia’s state laws had no authority with Cherokee territory • Georgia had a responsibility for the care of the Cherokee living within its borders

45. Answers • D • C • E • A • D • B • C • E • E • D

46. Unit 4.4: The Need for Reform • Describe the origins of the “Era of Reform”. • What problems existed (economically, politically, and socially) in United States society that drove the desire for reform? • Do President Jackson’s positions key issues in American politics reflect those of a “reformer”?

47. Unit 4.4: The Need for Reform • Describe the origins of the “Era of Reform”. • General Motivations for reform: • Democratic impulses were the basis of the American Revolution, which sought to address inequalities that existed in colonial society. • The Antifederalists of the 1780s and 1790s were determined not to sacrifice civil liberties in the construction of the new Constitution. • The Jeffersonian Democrats professed to defend the values and rights of the common man. • The Market Revolution had a profound impact on the United States economy. • Transportation improvements and a new wave of immigration led to new emphasis on cash-crop agrarian society in the South and on Capitalist manufacturing in the north. • The Government • The government can draw up legislation and policies that further democratize society. • “Grass Roots” Movements • Individual citizens and private groups can take it upon themselves to address the maladies that plague their society.

48. Unit 4.4: Major Reform Movements and Their Accomplishments • What problems existed (economically, politically, and socially) in United States society that drove the desire for reform? • Political Problems that needed to be addressed: • Many Americans were excluded (usually by the requirement to own property in order to vote) from the political process and decision-making in the United States. • Women, African Americans, Native Americans, and Poor White Males were disenfranchised. • In many cases the process for choosing political candidates was exclusive and closed to most (what was known as the King Caucus). • Disproportionate representation between urban and rural areas still existed in many areas, which led to the rampant abuse of the farmer in American economic and political policy making.

49. Unit 4.4: Major Reform Movements and Their Accomplishments • What problems existed (economically, politically, and socially) in United States society that drove the desire for reform? • Economic problems that needed to be addressed: • There were no “Stay Laws” to prevent imprisonment for indebtedness. • Urban workers were beginning to form labor unions to protect their interests, no such bodies being formed to protect farmers. • Land was not readily available for many Americans. • Many independent farmers were being forced to sell their farms and become tenant farmers and sharecroppers. • The Market Economy that was developing in the United States was susceptible to recession and depression based on the fluctuation of market influences and the business cycle. • The growth of monopolies was stifling competition and limiting the entrepreneurship of small business owners.

50. Unit 4.4: Major Reform Movements and Their Accomplishments • What problems existed (economically, politically, and socially) in United States society that drove the desire for reform? • Social problems that needed to be addressed: • Women were treated as “second-class” citizens • Racial discrimination (not just slavery, but for free blacks in the north) was pervasive. • Slavery was reaching the point of becoming intolerable. • Treatment of the mentally ill was at best inhumane, as was the treatment of the nation’s convicts. • The cities were lapsing into decay (overcrowding, crime, disease were all becoming major problems). • Working conditions were unsafe and wages were dropping with increased arrival of impoverished immigrants willing to work for less money than established American citizens. • Lack of public education made learning available to the upper class, creating a cycle of elitism. • The Native American population was being systematically decimated by the Indian Removal Act and other Federal actions.