Plant Systems

1. Plant Systems

2. Learning objectives • Identify major systems in plants • Describe the interactions that occur among systems to carry out vital plant functions • Interactions Among Plant Systems

3. Organ systems: • Shoot system– above- ground • Root system– below-ground • *Tissue systems: • Dermal – barrier (between plant and outside environment) • Ground – metabolic functions(such as photosynthesis) • Vascular – transport • Mesenchymal – growth and cell division • Plant Systems Tissues Dermal Ground Vascular Shoot system Root system

4. Organ and tissue systems interact to carry out vital functions: • Transport • Reproduction • Response • Interactions Among Plant Systems

5. Movement of water, minerals, nutrients, and hormones through the roots, stems, and leaves of plants. • Major function of vascular tissue • Xylem – transports water and minerals • Phloem – transports glucose • Both transport hormones • Transport

6. Interactions during transport • Root system • Absorbs water and minerals • Shoot system • Ground tissue produces glucose through photosynthesis • Both organ systems • Produce hormones • Vascular tissue transports all materials throughout the plant • *Interactions Among Plant Systems

7. Root Pressure • The one-way passage of water and nutrients into the vascular cylinder produces a force known as root pressure, which helps water to rise upward from the root into the stem. • Root Hairs • Hair-like outgrowth of a plant root that absorbs water and minerals from the soil (Surface Area increase).

8. Vegetative propagation– offspring produced from part of a plant organ • Asexual Pollination – offspring produced via pollinated seeds • Sexual • *Reproduction Image by Roberto MM [GFDL]

9. Flower – organ that produces seeds • Fruit – develops around fertilizedovule(s) • Seed – fertilized ovule (embryo) and stored food (cotyledon) surrounded by a protective seed coat • Reproduction by Pollination

10. Interactions during reproduction • Vegetative propagation • Shoot and root systems: part of an organ produces a new plant • Pollination • Shoot system: flowers are the site of seed pollination and fruit development • Shoot and root systems: produce hormones, transported by the vascular tissue, that regulate flower budding, fruit ripening and seed growth • *Interactions Among Plant Systems

11. Hormone • chemical produced in one part of an organism that affects another part of the same organism; aids in response of an organism to a stimulus (ex. auxin) • Auxin • plant hormone responsible for a plant's response to light and gravity; stimulates cell elongation • *Response to Stimulus

12. Tropisms – plant’s hormonal growth response toward or away from an external stimulus • Examples: • Phototropism – stem and leaves grow toward a light source • Positive Gravitropism/Geotropism– roots grow toward gravity (downward) • Negative Gravitropism/Geotropism– stem and leaves grow away from gravity (upward) • *Response

13. Thigmotropism • stems respond to touch and wrap around objects. (Ex- climbing vines) • Hydrotropism • response of plants to water concentration • *Response continued….

14. **

17. Interactions during response • Root system • Grows toward gravity • Shoot system • Grows toward light and/or away from gravity • Both systems • Produce hormones • Transported hormones • *Interactions Among Plant Systems

18. Plant Structure Plants have three basic parts SE’s 5B, 10B

19. Function - leaves capture light from the sun - leaves make glucose through photosynthesis (in chloroplasts) - leaves take-in CO2 release oxygen O2 (through stomata) *Leaf

20. 2) Structure - top layer: made of a waxy cuticle (prevents H2O loss) and epidermis -middle layer: the Palisade mesophyll (photosynthesis occur) and Spongy mesophyll (spongy layer) gas exchange -bottom layer: lower epidermis exchanges gases through the stomata Stomata

21. Guard Cells • epidermal cells that control the opening and closing of stomata through turgor/water pressure in cells (open = turgid; closed = limp) • Stomata • Stoma (singular) • pores found in the leaf and stem that are used for gas exchange • **

23. Function - stems support the plant - stems hold the leaves toward the sunlight - inside the stem water and nutrients are transported to other plant parts - stems of some plants store glucose in the form of starch *Stems

24. Function - Roots support and anchor the plant - Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil - Roots store glucose (starch) ex: potato *Roots

26. Transpiration • the loss of water from a leaf through the stomata; this evaporation of water helps water travel up the plant as if being sucked up a straw • *Transpiration

27. a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. • Photosynthesis Review

28. Reproduction in Flowering Plants

29. Sexual reproductive structure Produces egg and sperm Fertilization takes place inside the flower Flower

30. Pistil/Carpel Stigma –Sticky surface for pollen to stick to Style – connects the stigma to the ovary Ovary – contains ovules (eggs) Stamen Anther – produces sperm. Sperm nuclei are enclosed by pollen grains. Filament – holds the anther up Male Reproducti-ve Organ Female Reproductive Organ

31. Rose Parts

32. Petal • brightly colored structure just inside the sepals; attracts insects and other pollinators to a flower • Sepal • outermost circle of flower parts that encloses a bud before it opens and protects the flower while it is developing

33. Transfer of mature pollen grains from the anther to the stigma Agents of Pollination: -wind -insects -birds & other animals *Pollination

34. When a pollen grain lands on the stigma, a pollen tube grows down through the style to an ovule.

35. The sperm travels through the pollen tube to the ovule. The sperm & egg fuse forming a zygote (fertilized egg) – this grows into the plant embryo Fertilization

36. Self pollination –pollen from same flowerCross pollination – pollen from a different flower

38. The ovary and zygote develop and ripen. The ovule forms the seed and the ovary forms the fruit. A fruit is a ripened ovary

39. The plant embryo uses food stored in the cotyledon while it is dormant.

42. Seed coat Cotyledons Seed coat Cotyledon Parts of a Seed • Dicot • beans, peas, soy beans, peanuts, watermelons, grapes, cherry, tomato, peppers • Monocot • corn, wheat, barley, oats, grasses, bamboo

43. *Germination • the process in which a flowering or coniferous plant emerges from a seed and begins growth

44. Monocot Dicot Seed Germination – early growthof a plant embryo.

45. *Rhizome is a modified subterraneanstem of a plant that is usually found underground, often sending out roots and shoots from its nodes. Ex: Ginger

46. *Plant Runner is a fast growing stem that grows on the surface of the soil. • Can develop new plants off of the node tip. • Plant runners often have stems that grow above the soil and takes root, and then become a new plant. • Ex: Strawberry

47. Plantlet is a tiny version of a plant still attached somewhere to its parent plant. • Plantlets obtain food from the parent plant until they are established • Usually grown from cutting of clippings of mature plants