Plant Systems

1. Plant Systems

2. Plants • Basis for ALL Agriculture • Basis for ALL Life • Provide Food for Humans • All Grains, Fruits and Vegetables Come Directly From Plants • Provide Food For Animals • All Foods From Animal Origin Come From Animals That Have Been Fed Plants • Meats, Milk, Cheese, ETC..

3. Plants • Manufacture and Store Food Nutrients for use by the Plant. • Use Chlorophyll, Light and Carbon Dioxide • Photosynthesis • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + photons → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 • carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen • Most Important Chemical Process in the World

5. Photosynthesis Lab • Germinate 20-30 bean seed. • Let seed develop at least two true leaves. • Cover one half of the seed with newspaper or other darkening object. • Visually check the plants everyday for a week. • Compare differences • Color, growth rate, health, vigor, etc..

6. Respiration • Occurs in All Living Cells • Aerobic (presence of O2) Respiration is the Opposite of Photosynthesis • Contrast • Photosynthesis • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + photons → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 carbon dioxide + water + light energy → glucose + oxygen • Respiration • C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + energy glucose + water + oxygen carbon dioxide + water + energy

7. Photosynthesis Occurs Only in Cells that Contain Chlorophyll and Only During Daylight Hours. • No Albino Plants • Respiration Occurs in All Living Plant Cells, Twenty-Four Hours per Day.

8. Respiration • About 25% of Sugar Manufactured in Photosynthesis Process is used in Respiration. • Energy Released During the Respiration Process Breaks Down Fats, Proteins and Other Products for plant use. • Lab Sheet

9. Transpiration • Release of Water Vapor from Living Plants • More Water is Needed for Transpiration than for any Other Process in the Plant. • Important To Remember This When Asexually Propagating Plants. • Humans Perspire --- Plants Transpire

10. Vascular Bundles • Xylem • Tubes That Bring Water From the Roots to the Leaves of the Plants. • Phloem • Tubes That Carry the Products of Photosynthesis to The Other Parts of the Plant

11. Xylem Lab • Materials Needed • 1 Stalk Fresh Celery • 1 Large Cup of Water • Red or Blue Food Coloring • Procedure • Fill cup ¾ full of Water. Add Desired Food Coloring • Cut Celery across the Grain and insert in Water. • Allow to sit for 1- 1½ hours. • Observe Celery

12. Stomata • Small Openings, Generally on the Underside of the Leaf That Allow Air into the Leaf and Water Vapor and Oxygen to Move Out • Opening of the Stoma is Controlled by Guard Cells on Both Sides of the Stoma

13. Leaves Basic Plant Parts • Roots • Stems

14. Leaves • Point of most growth functions • Photosynthesis • Respiration • Transpiration

15. Stems • Support • Transport • Store Food For Use by the Plant

16. Types of Plant Stems • Herbaceous • Green and Relatively Soft • Woody • Composed of many Layers • Trees, Shrubs, Cotton, ETC..

17. Stems • Monocots- • Plants with Seeds That Have Only One Cotyledon or Seed Half • Grass Plants Such as Corn, Wheat, Etc.. • Usually Has Fibrous Root System

18. Stems • Dicots • Plants with Two Cotyledons or Seed Halves • Beans, Peas , Peanuts, Etc… • Usually Has Tap Root System

19. Roots • As Much as Half the Weight of a Plant Might Be in the Root System. • A Plant Has as Much Underground Surface Area as it does Above Ground Surface Area. • Function • Absorption of Water and Nutrients • Anchorage

20. Roots • Tap Root • Strong Central Root that Grows Downward into the Soil. • A Carrot is a Good Example of a Tap Root System. • Most Dicots have a Tap Root System

21. Roots • Fibrous Roots • Have No Large Central Root but Many Branches of Fine Roots. • Corn is an example of a Plant with a Fibrous Root System • Monocots have Fibrous Root Systems

22. Plant Reproduction • Sexual • Mating of the Male Gamete (Sperm) with the Female Gamete (Egg) • Seed • Asexual • Vegetative Reproduction • Plant Parts

23. Sexual Reproduction • Rag Doll Lab • Count Out Five Seed • Fold Four Paper Towel Sheets Together and Moisten. • Be sure Towels are Wet Enough For Seed to Germinate, but Not so Wet that they will Rot. • Place the Seed in the Paper Towel, Fold the Towels Together • Wrap Towels In the Cling Wrap and Tie Up the Ends • Use Rubber Bans, Bread Ties to Seal Ends • Check Daily for Germination • Note some seed may not germinate

24. Sexual Reproduction • Garden in A Glove • See Lab Handout • Germination lab • Count Out Ten Seed and Plant • “Rule of Thumb” • Plant Seed No Deeper than One and One Half the Diameter of the Seed • Plant Seed at Sufficient Distance Apart Where Germinated Seed Can Be Counted. • Allow Adequate Time for All Seed to Germinate • Usually All Will Germinate in a Week • Depending on Seed Type • Count Germinated Seed and Divide by Number Planted to determine Germination Percentage

25. Asexual Reproduction • Vegetative Reproduction • Using Plant Parts • Separation • Plant Parts are Merely Pulled Apart • Garlic, Daffodils, Tulips, ETC… • Division • Growing a New Plant from Cut Plant Parts • Strawberry Plants • Bermuda Grass

26. Asexual Reproduction • Cuttings • Propagation From Leaves, Roots, Stems or Bud Cuttings. • Must Keep Plant Moist Since The Plant Does Not have Adequate Vascular System. • Foliage Needs to be Kept to the Minimum but Still Adequate to Provide Photosynthesis

27. Asexual Reproduction • Layering • Portion of Plant is Covered with Soil or Other Media and the Growth of Roots is Stimulated While Still Attached to the Stock plant. • Grape Vines • Air Layering • Injure Plant: Treat with Growth Hormone, Wrap in Moist Peat moss and Tie up with Cling Wrap

28. Asexual Reproduction • Grafting • Material from Two or More Different plants are Joined Together to Form ONE Plant • Most Fruit and Nut Trees

29. Asexual Reproduction • Tissue Culture • Used to Reproduce ‘High Value’ Plants • Uses Small Amount of Tissue From A Plant to Grow a New Plant. • Needs A Sterile Environment • Cloning