The Origin of European Nations

1. The Origin of European Nations

2. Preview • What do you see in the painting? • Who are the people represented in the painting? • Where is this event taking place? • Why are some of the people dressed in red? • Why is this significant to the rise of European nations?

4. Processing • A debate, court or council • Religious leaders • (Council of) Constance; modern day Poland • They are cardinals in the RCC; next in line to be Pope • The church will begin to lose power w/ European leadership. They will continue to influence but will begin to no longer dictate. • (painting is of the heresy trial of Jan (john) Hus. He was burned @ the stake for his beliefs. Precursor to Martin Luther)

5. England: the Big Guys Henry II controlled FR. Land Nations: Nation-States

6. Edward I Longshanks Model Parliament (fought with William Wallace over Scotland)

7. William Wallace

8. Parliament • Model Parliament: 1295; Edward I • 2 burgesses & 2 knights fr. Every county

9. John I • Barons=Magna Carta • Runnymede June 15, 1215 • Basic legal rights • Taxes voted on: no taxation w/o representation: power of the purse • Due process: rt to a jury trial, orderly • Limited monarchy

10. John I Softsword

11. Richard I The Lionhearted

12. Robin Hood

13. France • Philip II (Augustus) • Royal power increased w/ Philip II; strong central gov’t • Bailiffs: to ea. District to collect taxes

14. Philip II (Augustus) Making the Connection What name did Philip “borrow” from a Roman Emperor and why?

15. Argument w/ Pope Needed additional support: formed the Estates-General Philip IV (the Fair)

16. Estates-General: 1st Estate: Church leaders 2nd Estate: Great lords 3rd Estate: Middle class KEY CONCEPT: Estates-General never limited the king’s power

17. Making the Connection • How was the king’s power limited in England? • Give at least one reason why England and France develop so differently politically.

18. The Pope • Boniface VIII • Philip IV taxing clergy • Unam Sanctam (bull): temporal & spiritual wh/= kings must always obey Pope • P. IV kidnapped the Pope; rescued; too much for him & he died a mo. Later • Pope never again could force kings to obey them

19. Boniface VIII

20. P IV • Clement V: Fr. Archbishop to be Pope & live in Avignon (Babylonian Captivity) • 67 yrs • Wealthy lifestyle • Gregory XI died in Rome • Urban VI • Clement VII • Great Schism (1378-1417)

21. Council of Constance (where is this?) Martin V elected Pope

22. Scholars • John Wycliffe • John Huss • Head of ch. Jesus not Pope • Clergy=poverty • Bible not Pope=authority

24. John Hus (s) At the execution ground, Huss spread his hands and prayed aloud. After undressing him, the executioners tied his hands behind his back with ropes. His neck was tied, with a chain, to a stake around which wood and straw had been piled up, in such a way that it covered him up to the neck. Count Palatine asked Huss for the last time whether he wanted to recant and save his life or die. Huss preferred to die and was thus, burnt to death.

25. John Wycliffe • First hand-written English language Bible manuscripts • Oxford professor, scholar, and theologian. • well-known throughout Europe for his opposition to the teaching of the organized Church, which he believed to be contrary to the Bible. • The Pope was so infuriated by his teachings and his translation of the Bible into English, that 44 years after Wycliffe had died, he ordered the bones to be dug-up, crushed, and scattered in the river!

26. Black Death 1337: 4 ships arrived in Sicily Fever, black swelling @ joints 24 hrs. Sanitary conditions Fled carrying illness w/ them 25 mil or 1/3 of E. pop in 5 yrs.

28. Making the Connection How did the Black Death help to continue to reduce the power and influence of the RCC? (the RCC had lost a great deal of power & influence from their inability to secure the holy land during the Crusades. The Crusades also brought about a certain—all be it small-- amount of religious tolerance that the RCC did not anticipate..)

29. Hundred Years’ War: nationalism • 1337-1453: 116 yrs • 1337-1360: Eng. Invaded Fr.=Eng. Won • 1361-1396: Fr. Reconquered=Fr. Won • 1397-1420: Invaded Fr.=Eng. Won • 1421-1453: 1429 Joan of Arc (1431) • Fr. Won w/ exception of Calais

30. Joan of Arc

31. Charles VII Of France

32. Weapon development from the 100 yrs. War • Longbow: 6 ft; 300 yards-100 yards • Cannon: used against castles

33. 6 feet Predominant missile weapon of the English in the Hundred Years’ War and on into the 16th century. Required a force of as much as 150 to 180 pounds to draw shot arrows with an effective range of some 450 to 1,000 feet depending on the weight of the arrow. The Longbow

34. It has been claimed that this battle, which occurred near Crécy in northern France early in the Hundred Years War, marks the first use of cannon on the battlefield.

35. New Monarchs • France: • Charles VII • Louis XI • Called the Estates-General (E-G) once in 22 yrs. • No common approval for taxes

36. England • War of the Roses: 1455-1485 • York=white rose • Lancaster=red rose • Henry Tudor (VII) • Respected not loved

37. Henry (Tudor) VII of England

38. Spain Ferdinand & Isabella Inquisition “one king, one law, one faith” Moors out of Spain 1492 Jews out of Spain

39. And then there’s Russia • The Great Prince=Czar (tsar, tzar, csar) • Mongols=Ivan Moneybags=Czar Ivan I • Unification began • Religion • Eastern Orthodox • Ivan III: ruled for 43 yrs

40. “good period” Won wars, governed fairly opened Russia to trade “bad period” Began after his wife Anastasia died Hunt down traitor he believed poisoned his wife Killed his own son in a fit of rage “honored” the architects of St. Basil’s Ivan IV aka Ivan the Terrible

41. Ivan IV aka Ivan the Terrible

42. St. Basil’s Cathedral