Anatomy and the Organization of the Human Body

1. Anatomy and the Organization of the Human Body Biology 2013

2. Defining Anatomy • Anatomy = Body structure of an organism • OR the study of the body structure of organisms • In Biology, we’ll study the structures of the human body by focusing on a few main body systems. • Examples: Circulatory System, Nervous System, Digestive System, Skeletal System, Muscular System (Sometimes Skeletal and Muscular systems are put together) • We’ll relate structure (what it looks like) to function (what it does).

3. The organization of the body: From Cell to Organ System • Cell – smallest unit • Example: A cell in the lining of the stomach • Tissue – group of cells working together to do a function • Example: The cells in the lining of the stomach make up the epithelial (surface) tissue of the stomach. • Organ – group of tissues working together to do a function • Example: All of the different layers of tissue in the stomach make up the organ of the stomach. • Organ System – group of organs working together to do a function • Example: The stomach, along with the tongue, esophagus, small and large intestines make up the Digestive organ system.

4. 4 Types of Tissue • Remember: • Tissue = group of cells working together for a function • 1. Muscle tissue • A. Internal Movement • i. Veins and arteries (moving blood) • ii. Stomach contractions B. External Movement i. skeletal muscles (legs, arms, fingers, etc.) • 2. Epithelial tissue • A. Covers surface of body • i. Skin • B. Covers inside of internal organs • i. Heart chambers, blood vessels • ii. Digestive tract • iii. Glands like the salivary glands, pancreas, etc.)

5. Epithelial Tissue (top view) http://www.stegen.k12.mo.us/tchrpges/sghs/ksulkowski/TissueSlides.htm

6. Epithelial Tissue (side view) http://www.mesacc.edu/~minckley/anatomy/skin.html

7. Skeletal Muscle http://www.carlalbert.edu/dwann/tissue_images/cardiac%20muscle.jpg

8. 4 Types of Tissue (continued) • 3. Connective tissue • A. Holds organs in place • B. Holds different surfaces of the body together • i. Tendons • C. Pads and insulates the body • 4. Nervous tissue • A. Receives and sends messages to different parts of the body • B. Controls heart beat

9. Loose Connective Tissue:Holds things together in the body http://www.carlalbert.edu/dwann/tissue.htm

10. Nervous tissue (darker parts are cell bodies of neurons) http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/documents/cells%20membranes/Nervous_tissue.htm

11. Tissues  Organs • Many different types of tissue can make up one organ or organ system • Examples: • A. The muscular-skeletal system is made up of the muscles (muscular tissue), bones (connective tissue), tendons (connective tissue), nerves (nervous tissue). • B. The Skin is made up of epithelial tissue (skin cells), nerves (nervous tissue), muscles – the ones that make your hair stand up when you get goose bumps (muscular tissue) • C. The stomach is made up of connective tissue (to hold it together), epithelial tissue (on the inside surface), and muscular tissue (to contract and digestive the food).

12. Nervous System • Basic cell type • 1. Neuron – a nerve cell • Main Structures • 1. Brain • 2. Spinal Cord • 3. Peripheral Nerves • Main Function • 1. Coordinates body’s response to changes in internal and external environments.

13. The Neuron • Function: Transmits information in the nervous system by signals called impulses. • Main parts: • 1. Dendrites • -- Receives the signal, sends it to the cell body • --Can have many dendrites • 2. Cell body • – largest part • -- contains nucleus and most of cytoplasm • -- control center of the neuron (does the “deciding” of where information should go). • 3. Axon • -- Sends the signal to the next neuron or body part • -- Neurons usually have only oneaxon • 4. Synapse • -- The space between the axon and the next neurons’ dendrites

14. Neuron http://thetechjournal.com/science/neuron-implantation-can-rewire-brain-itself.xhtml

15. Drawing of a Neuron http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/N/neuron.html