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Organization of the Human Body

Organization of the Human Body. ST110 Concorde Career College, Portland. Objectives. Define the terms anatomy, physiology, and pathology Identify the structural units of the body from the chemical level to the organ systems Define chemistry as it relates to cell function

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Organization of the Human Body

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  1. Organization of the Human Body ST110 Concorde Career College, Portland

  2. Objectives • Define the terms anatomy, physiology, and pathology • Identify the structural units of the body from the chemical level to the organ systems • Define chemistry as it relates to cell function • List the organ systems and the major structures of each system

  3. Objectives • List and define the terms of direction • Apply the terms of direction to the body • List and define the body planes • Apply body plane terminology when referencing the body • List and identify the body cavities and the organ(s) contained within each cavity

  4. Terms Anatomy Study of structures of the body Physiology Study of functions of structures of the body Pathophysiology Study of diseases and disorders

  5. History of Anatomy and Physiology Imhotep, 2650-2600 BC: recorded some of the earliest information on surgery Aristotle, 384-322 BC: founder of comparative anatomy Herophilos, 335-280 BC: “The First Anatomist,” described the diagnostic value of the pulse Erasistratus, 304-250 BC: contributed to the understanding of the anatomy of the brain, and noted the difference between motor and sensory nerves

  6. History of Anatomy and Physiology Galen, year 129-200 AD: “First Great Anatomist,” his writings remained unchallenged for 1,500 years. Conformed his anatomic findings to theological principles Andreas Vesalius, 1514-1564: “Father of Modern Anatomy,” corrected Galen’s mistakes. Dissected human cadavers. Ambroise Pare, 1510-1590: “Greatest Surgeon of the 16th century,” first to ligate vessels to control bleeding after amputations .

  7. Organization of the Human Body The levels of organization progress from the least complex (chemical level) to the most complex (organism level) Atoms and molecules are referred to as the chemical level

  8. Organization of the Human Body Cells are the smallest living units of structure and function in our body. Tissues are an organization of many similar cells . Organs are an organization of several different kinds of tissues.

  9. Organization of the Human Body Systems are varying numbers and kinds of organs working together to perform complex functions. The body is a unified and complex assembly of interactive components.

  10. Anatomical Position When a person is in anatomical position, the body is erect and facing forward with arms supinated at the side and palms of the hands and feet facing forward. Supine- face up, palms up Prone- face down, palms down

  11. Anatomical Position

  12. Positions

  13. Directional Terms • Superior/cephalic- above, the very top • Inferior/caudal- below, very low • Anterior/ventral- toward the front • Posterior/dorsal- toward the back • Medial- most near the imaginary midline • Lateral- away from the midline • Proximal- closest to the point of attachment Distal-away from the point of attachment

  14. Directional Terms Superior – toward the head Inferior – toward the feet Anterior – front Posterior – back Adduct – bring near Abduct – move away

  15. Directional Terms Medial – toward the midline of the body Lateral – toward the side of the body Proximal – nearest the point of origin of one of its parts Distal – away from the point of origin Varus – turned inward Valgus – turned outward Flexion – bend a joint Extension – extend a joint Dorsiflexion – turn the foot up Plantar flexion – turn the foot down Rotation – internal/external Circumduction – circular joint movement

  16. Directional Terms Contralateral– opposite side Ipsilateral – same side Equilateral – the same on both sides Dorsal – toward the posterior surface Ventral – toward the anterior surface Volar – pertaining to the palm or sole

  17. Terms of Reference • Deep- away from the surface • Superficial- near the surface • Internal- inside • External- outside • Central- closer to the inside or within a system • Peripheral- closer to the outside or on the outside • Visceral- pertaining to the covering of the internal organs

  18. Geometric Planes

  19. Geometric Planes • The body is sectioned into imaginary geometric planes: • Sagittal - divides the body or parts into right and left sides • Midsagittal(median plane)– divides the body into equal right and left sides • Transverse(horizontal plane)- divides the body or parts into upper and lower portions • Coronal(frontal plane)- divides the body or parts into anterior and posterior portions • Cross section – a transverse cut that is at angles to the long axis of the organ

  20. Sagittal

  21. Transverse

  22. Coronal

  23. Quadrants When making clinical diagnoses surgeons frequently use quadrants to indicate the area of bodily pain RUQ – right upper quadrant RLQ – right lower quadrant LUQ – left upper quadrant LLQ – left lower quadrant

  24. Quadrants

  25. Nine Regions • Two sagittal planes and two transverse planes divide the abdomen into nine regions • Right Hypochondrium • Left Hypochondrium • Epigastrium • Right Lumbar • Left lumbar • Umbilical • Right Iliac • Left Iliac • Hypogastrium

  26. Nine Regions

  27. Major Body Cavities • The body is divided into two major cavities: • Dorsal Cavity – Posterior division of the body, further subdivided into the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity • Ventral Cavity – Anterior division of the body, further subdivided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities • Pleura- contains the lungs • Abdominal- contains the liver

  28. Body Cavities

  29. Body Cavities

  30. Body Cavities Cranial cavity: contains the brain Spinal Cavity: contains the spinal cord The membranes that line the cranial and spinal cavities are called the meninges

  31. Body Cavities Thoracic cavity: further subdivided into the… • mediastinum: esophagus, thymus gland, trachea, heart, great vessels • Pericardial cavity: contains the heart (within its pericardial sac) • Pleural cavities: contains the lungs Abdominopelvic cavity: also called the peritoneal cavity is further subdivided into the… • Abdominal cavity: contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, small intestines, and colon • Pelvic cavity: sigmoid colon, rectum, bladder, and internal reproductive organs

  32. Diaphragm Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity Is the most important muscle in breathing

  33. Diaphragm

  34. Peritoneum • The peritoneum is a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity • Parietal peritoneum: lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity • Visceral peritoneum: covers the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity • Peritoneal space: small space between the two layers, contains serous fluid and reduces friction

  35. Mesentery • Mesentery: a fold of peritoneum that invests the intestines and attaches them to the posterior abdominal wall • Omentum : a double fold of peritoneum that is divided into the greater omentum and the lesser omentum • Greater omentum: attaches to the greater curvature of the stomach and hangs loosely downward covering the intestines • Attaches to the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum

  36. Body Systems

  37. Body Systems • A group of organs arranged to perform a more complex function • There are 11 major organ systems in the human body • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Circulatory (cardiovascular & peripheral vascular) • Lymphatic • Digestive • Respiratory • Urinary • Reproductive

  38. Integumentary system • Largest organ system which Includes: • Skin • Sweat glands • Sebaceous glands • Hair • Nails

  39. Skeletal System • Includes: • Skeleton • Ligaments • Tendons • Cartilage

  40. Muscular System • Includes: • Skeletal muscle (Voluntary/striated muscle) • Smooth muscle (involuntary/non striated muscle) • Cardiac muscle

  41. Nervous system • Includes: • Brain • Spinal cord • Cranial nerves • Peripheral nerves

  42. Nervous System cont. CNS – Central nervous system, consists of the brain and spinal cord PNS – Peripheral nervous system, comprises the nerves

  43. Endocrine system • Includes: • Pituitary gland (master gland) • Thyroid gland • Parathyroid gland • Pancreas • Thymus gland • Adrenal glands • Testes • Ovaries

  44. Circulatory system • Includes: • Cardiovascular system • Heart, coronary arteries, aorta, pulmonary arteries and veins, superior and inferior vena cava • Peripheral vascular system • all arteries, veins and capillaries outside of the heart

  45. Lymphatic system • Includes: • Lymph fluid • Lymph vessels • Lymph nodes • Spleen • Thymus

  46. Digestive system • Includes: • Mouth • Teeth • Tongue • Salivary • glands • Pharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Liver • Gallbladder • Biliary duct system • Pancreas • Small intestine • colon

  47. Respiratory system • Includes: • Nasal cavity • Pharynx (throat) • Larynx (voice box) • Trachea (wind pipe) • Lungs • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli

  48. Genitourinary system • Includes: • Kidneys • Ureters • Urinary bladder • Urethra

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