Chapter 1: Organization of the Human Body

1. Chapter 1:Organization of the Human Body

2. Overview

3. Studies of the Human Body Anatomy • Study of body structure • Dissection Physiology • Study of body function

4. Studies of the Human Body Levels of Organization

5. Studies of the Human Body Body Systems (organized by function) • Protection, support, and movement • Integumentary • Skeletal • Muscular • Coordination and control • Nervous • Endocrine

6. Studies of the Human Body Body Systems (organized by function) • Circulation and immunity • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic • Energy supply and fluid balance • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Production of offspring • Reproductive

7. Metabolism and Its Regulation Types of Metabolism • Catabolism • Reactions that break substances down into simpler compounds • Used to form ATP • Anabolism • Reactions that build substances up • Simple compounds are used to manufacture materials needed for growth, function and tissue repair • Often require ATP-energy obtained from the breakdown of nutrients used to form a compound often described as the cells energy current

8. Metabolism and Its Regulation Homeostasis • Body’s maintenance of internal balance • Body fluid balance is especially important • Extracellular fluid • Blood plasma • Lymph • Fluid between cells • Intracellular fluid • Fluid within cells

9. Metabolism and Its Regulation Homeostasis • Negative feedback • Critical for maintaining our health • Keeps body conditions within a normal range by reversing any upward or downward shift

10. Figure 1-3 Negative feedback. How does a thermostat respond to a room temperature that falls below normal?

11. Figure 1-5 Negative feedback in the endocrine system. What happens to insulin levels after a meal?

12. Metabolism and Its Regulation Effects of Aging • Gradual changes in all body systems • Some changes are harmless. • Wrinkles and gray hair • Some changes may result in injury and disease. • Decreased kidney function • Loss of bone mass • Formation of deposits within blood vessels

13. Body Directions Directional Terms • Healthcare professionals use standardized terms to describe body directions. • Superior and inferior • Anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) • Medial and lateral • Proximal and distal • All descriptions assume that the body is in anatomic position.

14. Figure 1-6 Directional terms. What is the scientific name for the position in which the figures are standing?

15. Body Directions Planes of Division • Anatomists can divide the body along three planes, each of which is a cut through the body in a different direction • Frontal plane • AKA “coronal plane” • Sagittal plane • Transverse plane • Superior/inferior

16. Figure 1-7 Planes of division. Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts? Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

17. Body Directions Planes of Division • Some additional terms are used to describe tissues and CT or MRI images. • Cross section • Longitudinal section • Oblique section

18. Figure 1-8 Tissue sections. Which section would cut a blood vessel in half along its long axis?

19. Body Cavities The body is divided into two main cavities. Dorsal Cavity • Two main subdivisions • Cranial cavity • Spinal cavity Ventral Cavity • Two main subdivisions separated by diaphragm (muscle used in breathing) • Thoracic cavity • Abdominopelvic cavity

20. Figure 1-10 Body cavities, lateral view. Replace with Fig 1-10 Which cavity contains the diaphragm?

21. Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity • Further subdivided • Pericardial cavity • Pleural cavity • Mediastinum

22. Figure 1-11 The thoracic cavity. Which cavity contains the lung?

23. Body Cavities Abdominopelvic Cavity • Further subdivided • Abdominal cavity • Contains the stomach, most of the intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen • Pelvic cavity • Inferior portion

24. Body Cavities Divisions of the Abdomen • The abdomen can be divided into nine regions. • Epigastric • Umbilical • Hypogastric • Hypochondriac (left and right) • Lumbar (left and right) • Iliac, or inguinal (left and right) • Named for the upper crest of the hip bone and groin region

25. Figure 1-12 The nine regions of the abdomen. Which region contains the spleen?

26. Body Cavities Divisions of the Abdomen • The abdomen can be divided into four quadrants. • Right upper quadrant • Left upper quadrant • Right lower quadrant • Left lower quadrant

27. Figure 1-13 Quadrants of the abdomen. In which region is pain from appendicitis most likely to be felt?

28. Figure 1-14 Adjectives for some anterior body regions. Where would a pedal pulse be felt?

29. Figure 1-15 Adjectives for some posterior body regions. Where would cervical pain be felt?

30. Word Anatomy