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Learn about synonyms, antonyms, compound words, contractions, clauses, and sentence types to enhance your English language skills. Understand subjects, predicates, and objects thoroughly.
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Synonyms & Antonyms • Synonym= a word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as one or more other words. EX: program / curriculum • Antonym= a word that has the opposite meaning of another word. EX: black / white
Homonym & Homograph • Homonym= a word that sounds the same as another but has different spelling and a different meaning. EX: waist / waste • Homograph= a word that has the same spelling as another word but a different meaning and sometimes a different pronunciation EX: batter (for cakes– to abuse)
Prefix & Suffix • Prefix= a group of letters added to the beginning of a base word that changes the meaning of the word. EX: unlikely • Suffix= a group of letters added to the end of a base word that changes the meaning of the word. EX: courageous
Contractions • A contraction is a word formed by joining two other words. • An apostrophe shows where a letter of letters have been omitted. EX: she will = she’ll *Exception is won’t (will not)
Compound Words • A compound word is a word that is made up of two or more words. The meaning of many compound words is related to the meaning of each individual word. EX: rattlesnake
Connotation & Denotation • Denotation is the exact meaning of a word as stated in a dictionary. • Connotation is an added meaning of a word that suggests something positive or negative.
Types of Sentences 1- Declarative: makes a statement. It is followed by a period. 2- Imperative: expresses a command or request. It is followed by a period. 3-Interrogative: asks a question. It is followed by a question mark (?). 4- Exclamatory: expresses strong emotion. I can also express a command or request that is made with great excitement. It is followed by an exclamation mark (!).
SUBJECTS • The “do-er” of the action. Every sentence MUST have a subject. • COMPLETE: includes all the words that tell who or what the sentence is about. • SIMPLE: the main word in the complete subject. • COMPOUND: is made up of two or more simple subjects.
PREDICATES • The action (or verb) itself. Every sentence must have a predicate (as well as a subject). • COMPLETE: includes all the words that state the action or condition of the subject. • SIMPLE: a verb within the complete predicate. • COMPOUND: is made up of two or more simple predicates.
OBJECTS • DIRECT OBJECT: tells who or what receives the action of the verb. The direct object is a noun, proper noun or pronoun that follows an action verb. EX: You told the (truth) direct object • INDIRECT OBJECT: the noun, pronoun or proper noun that tells to whom or for whom an action is done. In order to have an indirect object, a sentence must have a direct object. EX: Who sold (you)indirect object that fantastic (bike)direct object?
CLAUSES • A clause is a group of words that contain a subject and a predicate. • There are 2 kinds of clauses. 1- The Independent Clause 2- The Subordinate Clause
Independent Clause • Can stand alone as a sentence because it expresses a complete thought. EX: (The students came) in when the bell rang.
Subordinate Clause • This clause has a subject and a predicate but cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not express a complete thought. • A subordinate clause must be combined with an independent clause to make a sentence EX: The stamp (that I bought) was already in my collection.
Types of Subordinate Clauses 1- Adjective Subordinate Clause • A subordinate clause that modifies a noun or a pronoun. It answers the adjective question which one? or what kind? • It usually modifies the word directly preceding it. • Most adjective clauses begin with a RELATIVE PRONOUN.
Relative Pronouns • Relates an adjective clause to the noun or pronoun that the clause modifies. -Who -Whose -Which -That EX: The coat (that I bought) was on sale.
Types of Subordinate Clauses (cont.) 2- Adverb Subordinate Clause • A subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb. • It answers the adverb question how? under what condition? or why? • Most adverb clauses begin with a subordinating conjunction.
Subordinating Conjunctions • The ‘joining’ words that introduce adverb clauses. -When -Because -After -Although -Before -Since
Now that we understand clauses, we can begin to understand the different ways to join together clauses to add interest to our writing.
Simple Sentences(ind.) • Contains only one independent clause. The subject, predicate or both may be compound. EX: The courthouse is the oldest building in town. Gale and Louise are making costumes and dressing up.
Compound Sentences(ind + ind.) • Consists of two or more independent clauses. Each independent clause in a compound sentence can stand alone as a separate sentence. • The independent clauses are usually joined by conjunctions : • and - or • but - for • so - yet • Sometimes a semicolon (;) is used to join two independent clauses in a compound sentence
Compound Sentences (cont.) • Pay attention to how commas are used in these sentences! EX: Jack brought the chairs, but Mary forgot the extra table. The music started; the dance had begun. We can wait for Jesper, or we can go on ahead.
Complex Sentences(ind. + sub.) • Contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. EX: The person (who helps me carry these) gets some dessert. The shadows (that had fallen between the trees) were a deep purple.
Complex-Compound Sentences(ind. + ind. + sub.) • Consists of two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. EX: Magda stayed at my house because she lost her keys, and her parents were not home.
