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1. Animal Behavior

Life is all about choices. What type of decisions do you make?How do you make the decisions? How do you pick between two or several choices?. What type of

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1. Animal Behavior

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    1. 1. Animal Behavior AP Biology September 2011

    2. Life is all about choices What type of decisions do you make? How do you make the decisions? How do you pick between two or several choices?

    3. What type of “choices” do animals make? Do animals make “choices”? What really determines animal behavior?

    4. Fitness & Decision Making Ultimate cause for all* behavior: increase fitness Fitness:

    5. Proximate & Ultimate Cause of A Behavior Proximate cause: direct trigger of a behavior (What in the environment or the animal’s genes directly signal the animal to behave in a particular way?) Ultimate cause: evolutionary cause (Why did natural selection favor this behavior and not a different one?)

    6. Bees dance?

    7. Cost Benefit Analysis If a behavior’s benefits outweigh the costs, an organism will more likely choose that behavior. Energetic cost = Ebenefit – Ecosts Risk cost = Rbenefit – Rcosts Opportunity cost = Benefits from other behaviors lost by choosing one behavior

    8. Human Examples: As you choose whether to do your homework or not, you have to decide whether the homework will benefit you more than the time it costs you. Companies choose which networks to advertise on. Have you ever noticed how commercials usually match the tv show or channel?

    9. Example of a decision: Habitat Choice What is a habitat? Factors that might make a habitat a favorable place to settle? Factors that would make it unfavorable?

    10. A common problem: how do you pick the best restaurant in an unfamiliar area?

    14. Should I defend a territory or not? Why? When?

    15. Animation to show cost benefit analysis with Yarrow’s spiny lizard http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp53/5302001.html

    16. Optimal Foraging Theory http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp00/00020.html

    17. Quick review of central dogma

    18. How do animals “know” how to behave: Nature vs Nuture?

    19. Nature (Genetics) Innate behavior (baby birds video) Maturation learning Sometimes controlled by hormones At a certain age, the animal “just knows” Example: cicadas

    20. Sometimes, simple mendelian genetics can determine a behavioral pattern

    22. Sometimes, more complicated genetics determines a behavioral pattern

    25. Nurture (Learned Behavior) FAP, sign stimulus/releaser Habituation Imprinting Associate learning – classical conditioning and operant conditioning

    26. Bird Song (video) Crystallized during sensitive period vs open ended learning (“plastic) Both nurture and nature

    27. Turn it in.com Demonstration AP code: 4063895

    28. Cognition & Sensing Inner signal: circadian rhythms Kinesis/taxis in response to stimuli/chemical sensing Use of landmarks Cognitive map Migration behavior (monarchs) Piloting, orientation, navigation

    29. Development of Social Behavior E.O. Wilson Territory & home range, conspecifics Signals animals give each other, body language, pheromones, waggle dance Mating behaviors & parental investment, polyandry, polygyny, external fertilization effect Altruism & inclusive fitness, hamilton’s rule, ant farm

    31. Kim’s must knows Chapter 51 Describe the various forms of “learning.” (innate, FAP’s, maturation, habituation, imprinting) Distinguish between kinesis and taxis. Explain some factors that influence parental investment in raising offspring. Consider males and females. Explain Hamilton’s rule regarding altruism and natural selection.

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