Gender Equality and Social Inclusion

1. Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Shailaja Upadhyaya/ Anita Poudel

2. Context • Constitution of Nepal 2015 • Nepal is signatory to various international and national conventions that legally commit to GESI. • The SDG – 1, 5, and 10, calls for progress towards GESI • The GON’s 14th Three Year Plan (2016/17 – 2018/19)

3. Who are the excluded?

4. Does data reflect the same?( QUIZ) • What percent of the Household unpaid labor is carried out by women?( according to Nepal MDG Progress Report 2013) a)54.68 b)74.8% c)97.6 d)46.23% Underlying cause??

5. Does Data Reflect the same? • Literacy rate of Teraidalit is…………. As compared to the hill dalits of 51.8%.( as per Nepal Gender Equality and Social Inclusion profile 31st Aug 2017 ) A)59.6% b)23.1% c)34.6%

6. Primary education completion in 2015 was 86.9% For girls as compared to…for boys.( MOE) A)92.3% b)86.4% c)80%

7. Excluded Groups Economically Excluded Poor of All ● Caste ● Location ● Ethnicity ● Sex Socially Excluded (specific issues of exclusion) ● Women ● Dalits ● Adibasi Janajatis ● Madhesis ● Muslims ● People with disabilities ● People of geographically remote areas ● Sexual and Gender Minorities

8. Multiple & Cross-cutting Exclusions Geographic -GESI) Poverty -GESI) Social Identity: Ethnicity, Caste, Regional, Religion Gender

9. Vulnerable Groups People are “vulnerable” rather than “excluded” when deprivations are a result of a particular situation (in some cases only temporary) that has reduced their ability to withstand shocks rather than their more deeply embedded social identity. Example: People Living In Areas Affected By Earthquakes, Floods Or Drought HIV AIDs-affected People Sex Workers And Trafficked People Children, Adolescents, Older People

10. Video on GESI

11. It is the process by which we learn norms, customs, and ideologies of our own society. Socialization is the result of traditions, societal values and beliefs. Socialization Rules, practices, division of labor, social expectations; vulnerability and mobility conditions differ for women, men, people of different social groups.

12. Socialization To Reflect On How We learn through socialization, as individuals, family, community, service providers, to include or exclude. These beliefs and values direct our behaviour.

13. Socialization… What is the behaviour in families towards women and children especially girl children in Nepal that is different from behaviour towards men and boys? What opportunities are provided to them and what is not allowed? What caste/ethnic differences exist? What are the positive developments in recent years? Family Level

14. Socialization… What is the behaviour in communities towards women, poor and people from socially excluded groups? What is their situation and social status? What are the opportunities provided to improve their situation? Community Level

15. Socialization… What is the behaviour of service providers towards women, poor and people from socially excluded groups? What kinds of beliefs do they generally hold about this target group? Who has access and control over the resources, services and programmes of the office? Service Provider Level

16. Gender

17. Definitions Gender Relations How to analyze power relations Gender relations refers to relations of power between women, men (transgender) which are revealed in practices, ideas, division of labour, differences in roles, resources, and in ascribing different behavior, expectations, abilities, to women and men and people of third gender. . 1. Division of labour between 2. Access to and control over resources 3. Decision making power Assessment of program interventions also from this perspective 4. Discriminatory social practices, norms

18. From WID, WAD to GAD- A Brief Historical Overview

19. Stages of Women Development

20. WID, WAD and GAD The Women-in-Development (WID) approach aims to integrate women into existing development processes in order to counteract the exclusion of women. It often involves special women’s projects, or women’s components in integrated projects, designed to increase women’s productivity or income, or to help ease their household tasks roles and responsibilities. Women and Development (WAD) focuses on the relationship between women and development. The Gender-and-Development (GAD) approach focuses more on the relations between men and women, with the goal of redressing the unequal relations of power that prevent women’s full participation. It aims to achieve equitable and sustainable development in which both women and men are decision-makers.

21. Constraints in implementing GAD Policy • Poor understanding of the concept & strategies for its implementation • Limited commitment to gender equality • Lack of leadership • Scarce reliable statistical information & • Inadequate funding

22. Definition of Equality The process of achieving gender, caste and ethnic equality - while respecting their differences -- refers to changing norms, values, attitudes and perceptions in order to attain equal status between men and women, between advantaged and excluded caste and ethnic groups. To strive for gender equalitydoes not mean to neutralize the biological differences between the two sexes, nor to neutralize the differences between being male and being female or being a third gender.

23. Definition of Equity Gender, caste and ethnic equity refers to fairness in women's and men's, advantaged and disadvantaged caste and ethnic groups', access to socio-economic resources. Discrimination results from inequitable access to socio-economic resources on the basis of being a man or being a woman, of being an advantaged caste or Dalit or of ethnic minority. The achievement of gender, caste and ethnic equality and equity is thus essential for the reduction of gender and caste/ethnicity based discrimination. Gender equity refers to fairness in women's and men's access to socio-economic resources.

24. Strategy-I Empowerment Empowerment is the enhancement of assets and capabilities of diverse individuals and groups to function and to engage, influence and hold accountable the institutions that affect them. World Bank Definition

25. Livelihood Empowerment: “Enhancement of the assets & capabilities of poor men & women to function …….. ASSETS & CAPABILITES INSTITUTIONS Elites Middle Increased flow of assets & capabilities POOR & SOCIALLY EXCLUDED Two Dimensions of Empowerment Source: GSEA Sectoral Monographs, ADB, DFID, World Bank., 2011

26. Two Dimensions of Empowerment Livelihood Empowerment ASSETS & CAPABILITES INSTITUTIONS Increased influence Voice Empowerment: Elites Middle POOR & SOCIALLY EXCLUDED “… and to engage, influence & hold accountable the institutions that affect them.” Source: GSEA Sectoral Monographs, ADB, DFID, World Bank., 2011

27. Equal Society “Removal of institutional barriers and enhancement of incentives to increase access of diverse individuals and groups to development.” Social Inclusion: Assets & Capabilities More equitable distribution rules INSTITUTIONS Elites Coalition for Change Middle POOR Source: GSEA Sectoral Monographs, ADB, DFID, World Bank., 2011

28. Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Analysis

29. GESI Analysis: Why? Women's and men's lives and lives of people of different social groups are different and therefore experiences, needs, issues and priorities are different. They vary for different groups of people (dependent on age, ethnicity, disability, income levels, sexual orientation). Separate strategies may be necessary to achieve equitable outcomes for women and men and different groups of people. Women, poor and people from excluded social groups have knowledge, relationships and practical skills that are critical to every level of development work. There is a need to understand these realities through GESI analysis.

30. Addressing Practical Gender Needs Practical gender needs are the needs of women that relate to responsibilities and tasks associated with their traditional socially accepted roles They are a response to immediate perceived necessities and do not challenge the existing divisions of labour or decision making authority Example: water provision, health care and employment.

31. Addressing Strategic Gender Interests Reflect a challenge to the customary gender relations and imply change in relationships of power and control between women and men. Strategic gender interests arise from the recognition of women’s subordinate position in relation to men in their society. Example: equal legal rights, no domestic violence, equal wages, and women’s control over their bodies

32. Analysis Framework for Mainstreaming GESI Policy Analysis Policy provisions for addressing the issues of GESI Institutional Analysis HR policy, analysis of disaggregated data of staff, responsibilities and competencies of staff, criteria of performance evaluation, work culture, organizational values and practices Program and Budget Specifically targeted budget for women, poor & the excluded, Not directed but supportive budget/programs for women, poor, excluded, Neutral or does not recognize or address barriers of women, poor, excluded Monitoring and Progress System/Report Space for disaggregated information, indicators to map out the overall benefits and evidence about changes in issues affecting Women, Poor and the Excluded in (access to resources and services, increase in voice and influence, change in the rules of the game)

33. Institutional Analysis-HOW

34. Programme and Budgets • GESI can be mainstreamed through the preparation of Gender Responsive Budget. • Where the different roles of men and women is considered; • Reproductive Role • Productive Role & • Community Role • Impact • Socio - cultural

35. Lets think ? • Do national budgets ignore the different roles and responsibilities of men or women? • How can national budgets better reflect the economic contribution of women? • And does increased gender equality lead to efficiency and economic growth? 

36. GRB: Concepts • GRB is a means of integrating a gender perspective into all steps of the budget process • Australia originally pioneered the idea of ‘gender budgeting’ with a focus on women’s budget programmes in the mid 1980s • Nepal is recognized for its following GRB Initiatives • GRB Guideline 2069 • Institutional arrangements like MOF, NPC, MOWCSW & so on • National & international commitments like constitution, development plans, CEDAW, BPFA, SDGs & MDGs

37. What is GRB • Analysis of budget (expenditures and revenues) from a gender perspective • Disaggregation of budget in terms of its impact on men and women • Highlights the gaps between policy and resources committed

38. “GRB is not about 50% male :50 % female, because 50:50 is equal. Its about determining where the needs of men and women are same and where they differ. Where needs are different, allocations should be different”

39. What GRB is not • GRB is not a separate budget for women or men • GRB is not about 50% budgets for men and 50% budgets for women • GRB does not increase the overall budget • GRB is not all about “who makes how much by doing what” • GRB is not an end in itself

40. Is this GRB? • Constitution of Nepal :- Right to Equality as the fundamental rights and duties • GoN’s national development plans • GoN’s international commitments – CEDAW, SDGs, MGS, BPFA, etc

41. What is GRB? Gender Responsive Budgeting (GRB) is a process that entails incorporating a gender perspective at various stages - planning/ policy/ programme formulation, assessment of needs of target groups, allocation of resources, implementation, impact assessment, reprioritization of resources. Gender Responsive Budget and Gender Mainstreaming are outcomes of the process

42. GRB - From Policy to Outcomes Policy appraisal (Gender appraisal) Audit (Gender Audit) Budgetappraisal (Gender budgeting)

43. Our budget could be: • Three core concepts • Gender Blind • Gender Neutral & • Gender Friendly

44. GRB Analysis • What impact do budgetary measures and related policies have on gender equality? • Do they reduce gender inequalities, exacerbate them or leave them unchanged?

45. Strategies and Tools of GRB Following issues must be kept in mind before deciding upon the entry points for a given situation • Actors/Key Players/Stakeholders and their roles and related activities • Scope of Gender Budgeting • Stages of Gender Budgeting – at the budget preparation stage, when the budget is tabled, at the budget implementation stage and post- implementation stage • Basic Pre-requisites for GRB – Understanding of Gender and GRB and Gender relevant data-base

46. GRB in Planning Cycle Increase budget allocation for Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Women’s meaningful participation and adequate attention of their needs and rights in all stage of design phase Qualitative improvement on women’s life Ensure result in whole process and Increase Financing for Gender Equality Capacity enhancement, employment and benefit to women Results – employment, income generation and benefit to women Women’s participation, use of sex disaggregated gender sensitive indicators

47. Exercise : Identify any sector

48. Gender Audit? • A gender audit of the budget involves examining how each tax or item of expenditure differentially impacts men and women • A tool to assess the extent of gender mainstreaming accomplished • The basic assumption of gender audits is that public policy impacts differently on men and women. The purpose of gender audits is to lead to changes in public policy that contribute to an increase in gender equality.

49. Dimensions of Gender Audit

50. GRB Analytical Framework • Elson’s Six Tools • Gender-aware policy appraisal • Gender-disaggregated Public Expenditure Incidence Analysis • Gender-disaggregated Beneficiary Needs Assessment • Gender-disaggregated analysis of the impact of budgets on time use • Gender- aware medium term economic policy framework • Gender- aware budget statement