Centralia College Writing Center

1. Kemp 105 Monday -Thursday 9 to 3 Friday 9 to 1 Centralia CollegeWriting Center

2. APA Formatting and StyleOverview • This presentation will cover: • 2009 updates to APA • General APA guidelines • First page format • Section headings • In-text citations • Formatting quotations • Reference page

3. APA Update 2009 2009 changes in APA: • Simplified guidelines for formatting section headings • Modified discussions of abstract, methods, results, and discussion sections • Expanded information on how to report data in various forms, including graphs, charts, etc. • New instructions for citing materials with no page numbers • Updated and expanded citation guidelines for electronic sources to reflect changes in technology • New expanded section on Journal Article Reporting Standards

4. Your Instructor Knows Best #1 Rule for any formatting style: Always Follow your instructor’s guidelines

5. Format: General Guidelines • Margins: one inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right) • Font Size and Type: 12-pt font (Times Roman or Courier are acceptable typefaces) • Line Spacing: Double-space throughout the paper, including the title page, body of the document, and references. • Spacing after Punctuation: Space once after all punctuation. This includes using one space (not two) following punctuation marks at the end of sentences. • Alignment: Flush left (creating uneven right margin) • Paragraph Indentations: 5 spaces • Pagination: The page number appears on the upper right edge of each page of the paper • Paper: Use plain white 81/2 x 11 paper. Multiple pages are stapled in the upper left-hand corner. Do NOT enclose in binder or file.

6. Format: General Guidelines (continued) • Header with page numbers in the upper right corner • Use italics for titles of longer works • Endnotes go on a separate page before your Reference page

7. Formatting the 1st Page • No title page • Double space everything • In the upper left corner of the 1st page, list your name, your instructor’s name, the course, and date • Center the paper title (use standard caps but no underlining, italics, quote, or bold) • Create a header in the upper right corner at half inch from the top and one inch from the right of the page (include your last name and page number)

8. Sample 1st Page Marie Thompson The Voice of Democracy 1 Jane Hammond Psychology 200 November, 3 2008 The Voice of Democracy: Life Cycle and Political Behavior in Post Communist Russia Protest activity constitutes an important part of democratic politics. In the post-communist context, the propensity to challenge authorities can be considered as a sign of changing public attitudes toward political participation. Over the past decade, scores of post-communist studies sought to explain patterns of political behavior by concentrating on such short-term factors as subjective well-being and long terms factors such as age and gender (Coleman & Polodskij, 2007; Nikolayenko, 2008).

9. Formatting Section Headings • Headings should be consistent in grammar and formatting • Top-down progression is used, for example if there are three levels of headings, you would use Levels 1, 2, and 3. • The introductory section to a paper does not require a heading since it is assumed that the first section in your document is an introduction.

10. Sample Section Headings Level 1 Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Level 2 Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Level 3 Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Level 4 Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. Level 5 Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period.

11. In-Text Citations: the Basics • APA uses parenthetical citations • Parenthetical citations depend on the medium (e.g. Print, Web, DVD) • Parenthetical citations also depend on the source’s entry on the References page • Signal word in the text is the first thing in the corresponding entry on the Reference page

12. Author-Page Style In-text Example: Although Russia has regained her autonomy and independence economically in recent years, many citizens are silent in their public opinion (Coleman & McCulloch, 1990). Corresponding References Entry: Coleman, P.G. & McCulloch, A.W. (1990). Societal change, values and social support: exploratory studies into adjustment in late life. Journal of Aging Studies, 4(4), 321-332.

13. Print Source with Author In-text Example: Post-communist citizens, in particular, have lived through immense political, economic, and social transitions that might have exacerbated age-related ideological cleavages in society (Beissinger, 1986). Corresponding Reference Entry: Beissinger, M. (1986). Life cycle, generational and protest potential in Yeltsin’s Russia. World Politics, 38(2), 288-314.

14. With Unknown Author In-text Example: • The quality of the neighborhood to which children are exposed affects a variety of long-run social outcomes (“Consequences,” 1997). Corresponding Reference Entry: • Consequences of growing up poor. (1997). Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

15. Other In-Text Citations 1 Citing Indirect Sources In-text Example: Ravitch argues that high schools are pressured to act as “social service centers, and they don't do that well” (qtd. in Weisman, 1984). Multiple Citations In-text Example: . . . as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke, 2003; Dewey, 1998).

16. Other In-Text Citations 2 Sources from the Internet In-text Example: • The Theory of Mind indicates that pretend play might be a tool that helps children realize that thoughts, not reality, guide people's actions, utterances and emotions (Bergen, 2006). Corresponding References Entry: • Bergen, D. (2006). The role of pretend play in children’s cognitive Development. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 4(1). Retrieved February 1, 2004 from http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v4n1/bergen.html

17. Formatting Short Quotations In-text Examples: According to some, dreams express “profound aspects of personality” (Foulkes, 2005), though others disagree. According to Foulkes's study, dreams may express “profound aspects of personality” (2005). Is it possible that dreams may express “profound aspects of personality” (Foulkes, 2005)? Cullen concludes, “Of all the things that happened there / That's all I remember” (1994).

18. Formatting Long Quotations In-text Example: Nelly Dean treats Heathcliff poorly and dehumanizes him throughout her narration: They entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room, and I had no more sense, so, I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it would be gone on the morrow. By chance, or else attracted by hearing his voice, it crept to Mr. Earnshaw’s door, and there he found it on quitting his chamber. Inquiries were made as to how it got there; I was obliged to confess, and in recompense for my cowardice and inhumanity was sent out of the house (Bronte , 1856).

19. Adding/Omitting Words In-text Example for Adding Words: Jan Harold Brunvand, in an essay on urban legends, states: “some individuals [who retell urban legends] make a point of learning every rumor or tale” (2003). In-text example for Omitting Words: In an essay on urban legends, Jan Harold Brunvand notes that “some individuals make a point of learning every recent rumor or tale . . . and in a short time a lively exchange of details occurs” (2003).

20. ReferencesPage: The Basics Sample References page: REFERENCES Beissinger, M. (1986). Life cycle, generational and protest potential in Yeltsin’s Russia. World Politics, 38(2), 288-314. Burns, N. (2002). Gender: Public opinion and political action. In I. Katznelson & H. Milner (eds.), In political science: The state of the discipline, New York: Norton. Coleman, P.G., Ivani-Chalian, C. & Robinson, M. (1993). Self-esteem and its sources: stability and change in later life. Ageing and Society, 13(2), 171-192. Coleman, P.G. & McCulloch, A.W. (1990). Societal change, values and social support: exploratory studies into adjustment in late life. Journal of Aging Studies, 4(4), 321-332.

21. Reference Page: Books • Example of Basic Format: Burns, N. (2002). Gender: Public opinion and political action. In I. Katznelson & H. Milner (eds.), In political science: The state of the discipline, New York: Norton.

22. Reference Page: Periodicals Article in a Magazine Format: • Author(s) (Date of publication). ‘Title of Article.” Title of Periodical, Volume (Issue), pages. Medium of publication. Example: • Buchman, Dana (2006). “A Special Education.” Good Housekeeping, 14(2), 143-148. Print. Article in Scholarly Journal Format: • Author(s) (Date of publication). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), pages. Medium of publication. Example: • Duvall, John N (1994). “The (Super)Marketplace of Images: Television as Unmediated Mediation in DeLillo’s White Noise.” Arizona Quarterly, 50(3),127- 153. Print.

23. Reference Page: Web Web Source Format: • Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date of publication). Title of article. Title of Online Periodical, volume number(issue number if available). Retrieved from http://www.someaddress.com Examples: • Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing the living Web. A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites, 149. Retrieved from http://www.alistapart.com Database Format: • Author(s) (Date of publication). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), pages. Medium of publication. Example: • Clark, G. (2001). “No more aches and pains.” Woman’s Day, 65(1), 54-56. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com

24. Visit the Writing Center in Kemp 105 Or visit us online at: http://www.centralia.edu/academics/writingcenter/index.html Or http://owl.waol.org/

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