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Admin. Review. Lesson 4: . The United States Navy 1815-1844 : Protector of Commerce. Learning Objectives. Comprehend the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of diplomacy. Know the state of naval technology and its evolution during this period.
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Lesson 4: The United States Navy 1815-1844:Protector of Commerce
Learning Objectives • Comprehend the effectiveness of the U.S. Navy as an instrument of diplomacy. • Know the state of naval technology and its evolution during this period. • Know U.S. naval policy as a reflection of the period of 1815-1844. • Comprehend the Wilkes expedition and assess its importance to U.S maritime interests.
Remember our Themes! • The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy • Interaction between Congress and the Navy • Interservice Relations • Technology • Leadership • Strategy and Tactics • Evolution of Naval Doctrine
Period of Expansion • Monroe Doctrine -- 1823 • No European colonization or intervention in the Americas. • Manifest Destiny • “Our manifest destiny is to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.” • John L. O'Sullivan, 1845
Anglo-American Friendship • Monroe Doctrine sprung from British interest to prevent Holy Alliance (Prussia, Russia, Austria) from grabbing Spanish colonies • Began to see eye-to-eye with erstwhile Mother Country • Love, peace, and harmony…kind of
Barbary Wrap-Up p.60 • Algerian Dey up to old tricks • Madison sends Decatur back to Med after Treaty of Ghent • “Gunboat Diplomacy”
Monroe’s “Gunboat Diplomacy” • Increase in Size • Anglo-American Cooperation • Monroe Doctrine (1823) • Squadron Deployment • From periodic scourge to worldwide policeman
Board of Commissioners • Secretary of Navy William Jones overwhelmed with paperwork during War of 1812 • Asked Congress to establish three officer “advisory board” • Congress does so in 1815 • John Rodgers • Isaac Hull • David Porter
Naval Warfighting Doctrine • Primary mission of the Navy = “Gunboat Diplomacy”. • Protect U. S. commercial interests overseas - “Showing the flag.” • Overall Doctrine • Focus on Commerce Raiding - “Guerre de Course”. • Command of the sea -- de-emphasized. • Coastal defense - Army forts constructed at entrances to ports.
Distant Stations p.65 • Mediterranean • West India • East India • Brazilian • E Pacific • N Pacific • Africa • Home
Jackson’s Naval Diplomacy • “...standing armies dangerous to free governments in time of peace.” • Enough ships to protect commerce • Bellicose in action
Sumatra • Natives in Qualla Battoo raided American merchant Friendship • Potomac captained by John Downes • Amphibious landing in Qualla Battoo • slaughter • Jackson: publicly praises
The Falkland Islands • Argentine governor Louis Vernet • Prosecutes illegal seal poacher Harriet • Lexington, Captain Silas Duncan in Montevideo • Raids the Falklands • Buenos Aries cuts of diplomatic ties with US • President entirely approves of Duncan’s]conduct
1837- Handoff to Martin Van Buren • 21 ships • Five Squadrons • All operating away from the Atlantic Coast • Anglo-American friendship • Van Buren not interested in Navy • Depression 1837 • Secretary of Navy James K. Paulding kind of a dud
Wilkes Expedition 1838-1842 • Lieutenant Charles Wilkes • Six-ship squadron. • Gathers scientific knowledge. • Charted much of the Pacific Ocean, Antarctica, and North American West Coast. • Recognized growing importance of the Pacific. • Increasing trade with Asia.
