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Independence Movements in Latin America

Independence Movements in Latin America. Latin American Geography. Latin America is made up of countries from North America, Central America, South America and the Caribbean Islands. All languages spoken here are derived from Latin.

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Independence Movements in Latin America

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  1. Independence Movements in Latin America

  2. Latin American Geography • Latin America is made up of countries from North America, Central America, South America and the Caribbean Islands. • All languages spoken here are derived from Latin. • The cultures of this region reflect a combination of native beliefs and colonial powers.

  3. Topography • Major topographical features: • Sierra Madre Mountains • Yucatan Peninsula • Amazon Basin • Andes Mountains • Atacama Desert • Brazilian Highlands • Patagonia

  4. Spirit of Liberation • “I swear before God and by my honor never to allow my hands to be idle nor my soul to rest until I have broken the chains that bind us to Spain” Simon Bolivar

  5. Long Term Causes • European domination • Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau & Montesquieu • American and French Revolutions • Growth of nationalism

  6. Immediate Causes • Creoles, Mestizos & Indians resent colonial rule • Revolutionary leaders emerge • Napoleon invades Spain & colonies saw Spain’s weakness as an opportunity to revolt

  7. Haiti’s Struggle • Haiti’s sugar plantations made it a valuable colony of France

  8. Toussaint L’Ouverture • Born into slavery • Son of a Noble West African Family • Learned to read • Inspired by stories of revolt in ancient Rome and Julius Caesar

  9. Uprising of 1791 • Toussaint with support of slavesvs France, Spain, Britain and Mulattoes • More lives lost than in any other Revolution in the Americas

  10. Rebuilding Haiti • By 1798 enslaved Haitians free • Toussaint controlled most of the island • Attempted to heal rifts between classes • Offered government jobs to whites, mulattoes & Africans • Napoleon enters picture in 1802 when 100 French soldiers were dying a day • TRUCE ESTABLISHED

  11. Death of Toussaint • Toussaint was betrayed and seized by Napoleon’s men • Ten months later in a French prison Toussaint died • 1804 Haitian leaders declared independence • 1820 Haiti a republic & only non slave nation in Western Hemisphere

  12. September 16, 1810 Father Miguel Hidalgo, a Creole priest, rang bells of freedom “My children, will you be free? Will you make the effort to recover the lands stolen from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards 300 years ago?” Call to Freedom in Mexico

  13. Mexicans rally behind Hidalgo • Hidalgo is supported by poor Mexicans • Mestizos and Native Americans march to Mexico city • Called for an end to slavery • Before 1811 he was executed

  14. Father Jose Morelos • Father Morelos, a mestizo, called for the end of slavery and suffrage for all men • He was captured and shot • Spain almost succeeded in ending rebel movements

  15. Independence for Spain & Mexico • 1820 liberals forced King of Spain to issue a constitution • Conservative Creole Agustin de Iturbide feared colonial reform • 1821, backed by Creoles, mestizos and Native Americans he overthrew Spanish Viceroy • Life for most changed little

  16. South America’s Struggles • Strong Native American challenge led by Tupac Amaru in 1780 • Revolt crushed bbut Spanish King ened system of forced labor • By the 1800s discontent among Creoles sparked drive for independence

  17. Simon Bolivar Acts • Simon Bolivar, an educated Creole, saw Napoleon’s occuparion of Spain the signal to act • In 1810 he led an uprising that established a republic in Venezuela • Civil war raged & Bolivar forced into exile

  18. “The Liberator” • 1819 Bolivar marches army across the Andes and attacks at Bogota • 1821 he freed Caracas, Venezuela • Moves into Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia • Joins forces with Jose de San Martin

  19. Jose de San Martin • San Martin , a Creole like Bolivar, was born in Argentina • 1816 he won freedom for Argentina • He led an army across Andes into Chile • 1822 San Martin stepped aside & Bolivar won final victories against Spain

  20. Dreams and Disappointments • By 1824 wars of independence had ended • Bolivar’s dream for Gran Columbia vanished as rivalries flared • Gran Columbia split into Venezuela, Columbia and Ecuador • Violent civil wars emerged • Long struggle for stability and even longer for democracy

  21. Independence for Brazil • Portuguese King fled Napoleon to Brazil • Instituted reforms • Leaves son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil “If Brazil demands independence, proclaim it yourself and put the crown on your own head.” • In 1822 Dom Pedro became Emperor

  22. Long-Term Effects • 18 separate republics are established • Struggle to achieve stable democratic governments & to gain economic independence • Ongoing efforts to bring prosperity & democracy to the people of Latin America

  23. Assignment • Work in groups to complete your Recipe for Revolution

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