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Chapter 1-7

Chapter 1-7. MASTER NOTES. MASTER CLASS NOTES FOR Chapter 1,2,3,5,6 & 7. Chapter 1. The Science of Physics. Table of Contents. Chapter 1 The Science of Physics Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension Chapter 3 Two- Dimensional Motion and Vectors Chapter 4 Forces and the Laws of Motion

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Chapter 1-7

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  1. Chapter 1-7 MASTER NOTES MASTER CLASS NOTES FOR Chapter 1,2,3,5,6 & 7

  2. Chapter 1 The Science of Physics Table of Contents Chapter 1 The Science of Physics Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension Chapter 3 Two- Dimensional Motion and Vectors Chapter 4 Forces and the Laws of Motion Chapter 7 Rotational Motion and the Law of Gravity

  3. Section 1 What is Physics Chapter 1 The Topics of Physics • Physics is simply the study of the physical world.

  4. Section 1 What is Physics Chapter 1 The areas of Physics 1. Mechanics- The study of motion and its causes. • Falling objects, friction, weight, spinning objects. 2. Thermodynamics – The study of heat and temperature. • Melting and Freezing processes, engines, refrigerators. 3. Vibration and Wave Phenomena – The study of specific types of repetitive motion. • Springs, pendulums, sound

  5. Section 1 What is Physics Chapter 1 The areas of Physics (cont) 4. Optics – The study of light. • Mirrors, lenses, color, astronomy 5. Electromagnetism – The study of electricity, magnetism, and light. • Electrical charge, circuitry, permanent magnets, electromagnets. 6. Relativity – The study of particles moving at any speed, including very high speed. • Particle collisions, particle accelerators, nuclear energy.

  6. Section 1 What is Physics Chapter 1 The areas of Physics (cont.) 7. Quantum Mechanics – The study of submicroscopic particles. • The atom and its parts

  7. Chapter 1 Types of observations • Qualitative- descriptive, but not true measurements • Hot • Large • Quantitative- describe with numbers and units • 100C • 15 meters

  8. Section 1 What is Physics Chapter 1 The Scientific Method • Thescientific methodis a way to ask and answer scientific questions by making observations and doing experiments. • Steps of the scientific : • Observation (Ask a Question) • Collect Data (Do Background Research) • Construct a Hypothesis (Educated guess) • Test Your Hypothesis by Doing Experiments • Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion • The conclusion is only valid if it can be verified by other people. • Communicate Your Results

  9. Section 1 What is Physics? Chapter 1 The Scientific Method

  10. Section 1 What is Physics Chapter 1 The Scientific Method (cont) • System – A set of items or interactions considered a distinct physical entity for the purpose of study. • Decide what to study and eliminate everything else that has minimal or no effect on the problem. • Draw a diagram of what remains (Model) • Models – A replica or description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept. • Models help guide experimental design

  11. Section 1 What is Physics? Chapter 1 The System

  12. Section 1 What is Physics? Chapter 1 The Scientific Model

  13. Section 1 What is Physics Chapter 1 The Scientific Method (cont) • Hypothesis – A reasonable explanation for observations, one that can be tested with additional experiments. • The hypothesis must be tested in a controlled experiment. • Controlled Experiment- Only one variable at a time is changed to determine what influences the phenomenon you are observing.

  14. Section 2 Measurements in Experiments Chapter 1 Numbers As Measurements • Numerical measurements in science contain the value (number) and Dimension. • Dimension is the physical quantity being measured (length, mass, time, temperature, electric current) • Each dimension is measured using units and prefixes from the SI system. • The dimension must match the unit. (ex. If you are measuring length, use the meter(m), not the kilogram(kg)

  15. Section 2 Measurements in Experiments Chapter 1 • SI is the standard measurement system for science. • Used so that scientists can communicate with the same language. • There are seven base units. They are: • Meter(m) – length • kilogram(kg) – Mass • Second(s) – Time • Kelvin(K) – Temperature • Ampere(A) – current • Mole(mol) – amount of substance • Candela(cd) – luminous intensity

  16. Section 2 Measurements in Experiments Chapter 1 • Common Metric Prefixes: -See handout or visit reference section of website -Be able to convert between any prefix and another.

  17. How good are the measurements? • Scientists use two word to describe how good the measurements are: • Accuracy- how close the measurement is to the actual value. • Precision- how well can the measurement be repeated.

  18. Differences • Accuracy can be true of an individual measurement or the average of several. • Problems with accuracy are due to error • Precision requires several measurements before anything can be said about it. • Precision describes the limitation of the measuring instrument.

  19. Percent Error • Percent error = (Experimental Value – Accepted value) x 100 Accepted Value • Percent error can be negative.

  20. Significant Figures Scientific Notation Accuracy and Precision

  21. Atlantic Pacific Present Absent If the decimal point is absent, start at the Atlantic (right), find the first non zero, and count all the rest of the digits 230000 1750

  22. Atlantic Pacific Present Absent If the decimal point is PRESENT, start at the Pacific (left), find the first non zero, and count all the rest of the digits 0.045 1.2300

  23. 27.93 + 6.4 27.93 27.93 + 6.4 6.4 Sig Figs for Addition • First line up the decimal places Then do the adding.. Find the estimated numbers in the problem. 34.33 This answer must be rounded to the tenths place.

  24. Multiplication and Division • Rule is simpler • Same number of sig figs in the answer as the least in the question • 3.6 x 653 • 2350.8 • 3.6 has 2 s.f. 653 has 3 s.f. • answer can only have 2 s.f. • 2400

  25. Multiplication and Division • Same rules for division. • practice • 4.5 / 6.245 • 4.5 x 6.245 • 9.8764 x .043 • 3.876 / 1980 • 16547 / 710

  26. The Metric System

  27. The Metric System • Easier to use because it is a decimal system. • Every conversion is by some power of 10. • A metric unit has two parts. • A prefix and a base unit. • prefix tells you how many times to divide or multiply by 10.

  28. Base Units • Length - meter - m • Mass - grams - g • Time - second - s • Temperature - Kelvin K • Energy - Joules- J • Volume - Liter - L • Amount of substance - mole - mol

  29. Prefixes • kilo k 1000 times • deci d 1/10 • centi c 1/100 • milli m 1/1000 • micro μ1/1000000 • nano n 1/1000000000

  30. Volume • calculated by multiplying L x W x H • Liter the volume of a cube 1 dm (10 cm) on a side • 1L = 1 dm3 • so 1 L = 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm • 1 L = 1000 cm3 • 1/1000 L = 1 cm3 • 1 mL = 1 cm3

  31. Mass • 1 gram is defined as the mass of 1 cm3 of water at 4 ºC. • 1000 g = 1000 cm3 of water • 1 kg = 1 L of water

  32. k h D d c m Converting • how far you have to move on this chart, tells you how far, and which direction to move the decimal place. • The box is the base unit, meters, Liters, grams, etc.

  33. k h D d c m Conversions • Change 5.6 m to millimeters • starts at the base unit and move three to the right. • move the decimal point three to the right 5 6 0 0

  34. k h D d c m Conversions • convert 25 mg to grams • convert 0.45 km to mm • convert 35 mL to liters • It works because the math works, we are dividing or multiplying by 10 the correct number of times.

  35. k h D d c m 3 3 What about micro- and nano-? μ n • The jump in between is 3 places • Convert 15000 μm to m • Convert 0.00035 cm to nm

  36. Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension Table of Contents Section 1 Displacement and Velocity Section 2 Acceleration Section 3 Falling Objects

  37. Section 1 Displacement and Velocity Chapter 2 One Dimensional Motion • To simplify the concept of motion, we will first consider motion that takes place inone direction. • One example is the motion of a commuter train on a straight track. • To measure motion, you must choose aframe of reference.A frame of reference is a system for specifying the precise location of objects in space and time.

  38. Section 1 Displacement and Velocity Chapter 2 Displacement Dx = xf – xi displacement = final position – initial position • Displacementis achange in position. • Displacement is not always equal to the distance traveled. • The SI unit of displacement is themeter,m.

  39. Section 1 Displacement and Velocity Chapter 2 Positive and Negative Displacements

  40. Section 1 Displacement and Velocity Chapter 2 Average Velocity • Average velocityis the total displacementdivided by thetime intervalduring which the displacement occurred. • In SI, the unit of velocity ismeters per second,abbreviated asm/s.

  41. Section 1 Displacement and Velocity Chapter 2 Velocity and Speed • Velocitydescribes motion with both a direction and a numerical value (a magnitude). • Speedhas no direction, only magnitude. • Average speedis equal to the totaldistance traveleddivided by thetime interval.

  42. Section 1 Displacement and Velocity Chapter 2 Interpreting Velocity Graphically • For any position-time graph, we can determine the average velocity by drawing a straight line between any two points on the graph. • Object 1:positive slope = positive velocity • Object 2:zero slope= zero velocity • Object 3:negative slope = negative velocity • If the velocity is constant, the graph of position versus time is a straight line. The slope indicates the velocity.

  43. Section 1 Displacement and Velocity Chapter 2 Interpreting Velocity Graphically, continued The instantaneous velocity at a given time can be determined by measuring the slope of the line that is tangent to that point on the position-versus-time graph. The instantaneous velocityis the velocity of an object at some instant or at a specific point in the object’s path.

  44. Section 2 Acceleration Chapter 2 Changes in Velocity • Accelerationis the rate at which velocity changes over time. • An object accelerates if its speed,direction, orbothchange. • Acceleration has direction and magnitude. Thus, acceleration is a vector quantity.

  45. Section 2 Acceleration Chapter 2 Changes in Velocity, continued • Consider a train moving to the right, so that the displacement and the velocity are positive. • The slope of the velocity-time graph is the averageacceleration. • When the velocity in the positive direction is increasing, the acceleration is positive, as at A. • When the velocity is constant, there is no acceleration, as at B. • When the velocity in the positive direction is decreasing, the acceleration is negative, as at C.

  46. Section 2 Acceleration Chapter 2 Velocity and Acceleration

  47. Section 2 Acceleration Chapter 2 Motion with Constant Acceleration • When velocity changes by the same amount during each time interval,acceleration is constant. • The relationships betweendisplacement, time,velocity,andconstant accelerationare expressed by the equations shown on the next slide. These equations apply to any object moving with constant acceleration. • These equations use the following symbols: Dx = displacement vi = initial velocity vf= final velocity Dt = time interval

  48. Section 2 Acceleration Chapter 2 Equations for Constantly Accelerated Straight-Line Motion

  49. Section 2 Acceleration Chapter 2 Sample Problem Final Velocity After Any Displacement A person pushing a stroller starts from rest, uniformly accelerating at a rate of 0.500 m/s2. What is the velocity of the stroller after it has traveled 4.75 m?

  50. Section 2 Acceleration Chapter 2 Sample Problem, continued 1. Define Given: vi = 0 m/s a = 0.500 m/s2 Dx = 4.75 m Unknown: vf = ? Diagram: Choose a coordinate system. The most convenient one has an origin at the initial location of the stroller, as shown above. The positive direction is to the right.

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