Motivation and Emotion Chapter 10

1. Motivation and EmotionChapter 10

2. Motivation • A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. Aron Ralston 127 Hrs

3. Motivation Theories Instinct Theory(Evol. Theory):we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. Instincts = Species fixed patterns that are not learned But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.

4. Drive Reduction Theory • Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS. • Want to maintain homeostasis. • A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. • Primary versus Secondary drives

5. Incentive Where our needs push,incentives (positive or negative stimuli) pull us in reducing our drives. A food-deprived person who smells baking cookies (incentive) feels a strong hunger drive.

6. Arousal Theory We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal not eliminate it. Yerkes-Dodson Lawstates that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal.

8. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow Motivated by needs, and all needs are not created equal. We are driven to satisfy the lower level needs first. Castaway Fire

9. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs sequence of needs basic needs must be met before higher needs can be satisfied self-actualization (motivation to develop to our fullest potential)

10. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

11. Self-Determination Theory Three Basic Organismic Needs • competence self-efficacy, mastery, expectations for success • relatedness warm relations with others, need to belong • autonomy independence and self-reliance

12. Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Motivation Intrinsic Motivation • organismic needs + enjoyability • key to achievement Extrinsic Motivation • incentives (rewards, punishments) Does extrinsic motivation undermine intrinsic motivation?

13. Motivation of HUNGER

14. Hunger Videos • Why we feel hungry • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eog8dx2ynoc • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x6zVMWoBtl4 • bypass • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lqKW-FMDUTQ

15. Biological Basis of Hunger Alive • Hunger does NOT only come from our stomach. It comes from our… • Brain • Stomach contractions (pangs) send signals to the brain • Still hungry w/o stomach What part of the brain? • The Hypothalamus

16. Body Chemistry Glucose The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat. Glucose in the blood monitored by receptors (neurons) in the stomach, liver, and intestines Send signals to the hypothalamus When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

17. Brain Processes • The lateral hypothalamusis involved in stimulating eating. If the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, even a starving animal will show no interest in food. • The ventromedial hypothalamusis involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating. Research has shown that when this part of the brain is stimulated, the animal will stop eating. When the area is destroyed, the animal eats profusely and quickly becomes obese.

18. Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus Ventromedial Hypothalamus When stimulated it makes you hungry. When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again. When stimulated you feel full. When lesioned you will never feel full again.

21. Hypothalamus & Hormones The hypothalamus monitors a number of hormones that are related to hunger. Alive

22. Set Point Theory The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat (Genetic). Wants to maintain a stable weight. Body naturally activates the lateral when you diet and activates the ventromedial when you start to gain weight. Leptin theory: http://www.precisionnutrition.com/leptin-ghrelin-weight-loss

23. Culture and Hunger • Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only when we feel hunger but what we feel hungry for! • Ex: Hot Climates = More Spices

24. Dog Mice Wine Fried Frog Legs Criadillas- bull testicles.

25. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa • Characterized by binging(eating large amounts of food) and purging(getting rid of the food). Anorexia Nervosa • Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight. • See themselves as fat. • Vast majority are women. 25

26. Disordered Eating Anorexia Nervosa • relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation • more common among females • main characteristics less than 85% of normal weight unsupported fear of gaining weight distorted body image amenorrhea • medical dangers and mortality

27. Disordered Eating Bulimia Nervosa • binge-and-purge • more common among females • preoccupied with food • fearful, depressed, anxious, shame • medical dangers

28. Disordered Eating Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia • sociocultural • media images • family interactions • biological • genetics • serotonin regulation • neurological effects of dieting, binging, purging

29. Disordered Eating Binge Eating Disorder • recurrent episodes of compulsively eating large amounts of food • despite not being hungry, eat quickly to point of discomfort • 8% of the obese have BED • causes include biological factors (genetics, dopamine, stress)

30. Obesity Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues. Mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards obesity. Social & Cultural Effects Click on the picture. Obesity 30

31. Body Mass Index (BMI) • Obesity in children increases their risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer, thus shortening their life-expectancy. 31

32. Physiology of Obesity Fat Cells: There are 30-40 billion fat cells in the body. These cells can increase in size (2-3 times their normal size) and number (75 billion) in an obese individual (Sjöstrum, 1980). 32

33. Genetic Factor Identical twin studies reveal that body weight has a genetic basis. Courtesy of John Soltis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY • The obese mouse on the left has a defective gene for the hormone leptin. • The mouse on the right shedded 40% of its weight when injected with leptin. 33

34. Activity • Lack of exercise is a major contributor to obesity. • Just watching TV for two hours resulted in a 23% increase of weight when other factors were controlled (Hu & others, 2003). 34

35. Food Consumption • Over the past 40 years, average weight gain has increased. 35

36. Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS,1990, 2000, 2010 (*BMI 30, or about 30 lbs. overweight for 5’4” person) 2000 1990 2010 No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30% (Fat Suit Vids – 1, 2, 3)

37. Achievement MotivationWhat motivates us to work?(School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..) Intrinsic Motivators Extrinsic Motivators Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction. Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..) Works well in the short run.

38. Management TheoryManagement/Teaching styles relate closely to Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivators. Theory X Theory Y Managers believes that employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. Think employees are Extrinsically Motivated. Interested in Maslow’s lower needs. Managers believe that employees are internally motivated to do good work and policies should encourage this internal motive. Interested in Maslow’s higher needs.

39. Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology Applies psychological principles to the workplace. Personnel Psychology: Studies the principles of selecting and evaluating workers. Organizational Psychology: Studies how work environments and management styles influence worker motivation, satisfaction, and productivity. Human Factors Psychology: Explores how machines and environments can be designed to fit our natural perception.

40. When Motives Conflict • Approach-Approach Conflict – 2 desirable outcomes conflict – must make choice • Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict – Must choose b/w 2 unattractive outcomes • Approach-Avoidance Conflict – 1 event has both attractive & unattractive features • Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts

41. Which approach to achievement motivation is this?

42. Self Regulation Self regulation is the process by which an organism controls behavior in order to pursue important objectives. Goal Setting • specific • moderately challenging • long term purpose • short term accomplishment

43. Resisting Temptation Delay of Gratification • putting off pleasurable experience knowing there will be future payoff • distraction helps us resist temptation

44. Emotion • a feeling, or affect, that can involve physiological arousal, conscious experience, and behavioral expression • physiological arousal Autonomic Nervous System • Sympathetic Nervous System → arouses • Parasympathetic Nervous System →calms • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0VwojuSNnEE

45. Emotion Our body’s adaptive response Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion. We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress. The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling. Physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.

46. Autonomic Nervous System

47. Measuring Arousal • skin conductance level • polygraph • heart rate, breathing, SCL • neutral v. target questions • results do not reliably detect deception • Employee Polygraph Protection Act (1988) Restricts use of tests (Courts do no accept) • fMRI may better detect deception

48. Measuring Arousal • One aspect of arousal is theskin conductance level (SCL), which is a rise in the skin’s electrical conductivity when sweat gland activity increases. The measurement of this electrical activity provides an index of arousal which has been used in studies of emotion. • Another measure of arousal is a polygraph test, which is used in trying to determine if someone is lying. It monitors changes in the body such as heart rate, breathing, and electrodermal response.

49. Theories of Emotion • The James-Lange theorystates that emotion results from physiological states that are triggered by stimuli in the environment. Emotion occurs after the physiological reaction. • The Cannon-Bard theorystates that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously.

50. Theories of Emotion