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Incas used aqueducts to bring water to farms and villages

Farm in Peru – Notice the animals grazing there. What are they and what do you think they are used for?. Incas used aqueducts to bring water to farms and villages.

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Incas used aqueducts to bring water to farms and villages

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  1. Farm in Peru – Notice the animals grazing there. What are they and what do you think they are used for?

  2. Incas used aqueducts to bring water to farms and villages

  3. A few more impressive facts … scientists now believe that the Inca performed some sort of brain surgery (based on skulls that have been found)! The operations seem to have been successful based on records on how long the patients lived.

  4. Burials: Mummy Bundles Incan sacrifices and respected leaders were often preserved as mummies. The Incas used both the dry heat of the desert and deep freeze of the Andes to mummify the dead!

  5. Economic Advances: The INCA • constructed aquaducts, cities, temples, fortresses, short rock tunnels, suspension bridges, 2250mi road system • metal works of alloy, copper, tin, bronze, silver gold • developed important medical practices- surgery on human skull, anesthesia • resources-corn, potatoes, coffee, grain • created woven baskets, woodwinds

  6. The level of organization of Inca government and society led to significant achievements in the areas of engineering and the arts. Many Inca structures and roads were built so well they still stand today. Metalwork Weaving • Especially skilled in metalwork • Artisans made intricate ornaments of gold, silver • Created a life-sized field of corn out of gold, silver in temple courtyard • Weavers worked with wool, cotton • Divided cloth into three categories • Plain for households • Finer for taxes and trade • Special for royal and religious purposes In spite of the high level of achievement, the Inca Empire lasted only about 100 years. Arrival of Spanish in 1532 marked end of Empire.

  7. Creating such a large empire of course meant that the Incas had MANY warriors … 40,000 by the height of the Inca Empire in the early 1500s! All men had to fight • Some Incas turned their enemies sculls into drinking cups Inca warriors

  8. The Inca Empire Religion a key element of Inca society Machu Picchu was a special place of worship and reflection People allowed to worship local gods • Sun god was most important of all • Believed kings related to sun god • Main temple located in Cuzco • Mummies of dead kings worshipped • Religious ceremonies often included sacrifices of llamas, cloth or food, rarely humans

  9. The Incas also believed that their emperor was a descendant of the sun god. Atahualpa, the last of the Incan emperors.

  10. While it was tough to farm there, the Andes mountains did provide one very important resource … GOLD! • Gold was not only for wealth, but also for religion. The Incas, like many native people, worshipped the sun -- gold represented the tears of the sun.

  11. For the Inca, Gold was a common metal. It was used in abundance by political, religious, and military leaders.

  12. It was also worn by nobles and priests in order to honor the sun god. A example of a fully dressed Inca royal or nobleman

  13. Gold knife handle

  14. Gold drinking cups Golden alpaca Gold necklace

  15. As soon as explorers back in Spain heard about a native civilization that had more gold than they could even imagine, of course they set out to find that empire and … … to conquer it! Little did the Inca know what was coming their way  Francisco Pizarro, future conqueror of the Incas

  16. Francisco Pizarro • 1527: Pizarro wanted to discover wealth; embarked on his third voyage to the New World • Sept. to Nov. 1532: The Cajamarca massacre- Pizarro led 160 Spaniards to Cuzco, slaughtering over 2,000 Inca and injuring 5,000

  17. November 16, 1532: Atahualpa captured by Spaniards, offered gold for his freedom. • Pizarro accepted more than 11 tons of gold ($6 million+) as well as ornaments, jewelry, & vases, but never released Atahualpa. • July 26, 1533: Atahualpa was killed

  18. Final Battle • The 40,000 member army of the Inca was destroyed by a 180 member Spanish conquistador army, which was commanded by Francisco Pizarro. • The warriors of the Inca were no match for the Spanish guns. By 1535, the Inca society was completely overthrown.

  19. Today • Descendants of Inca are present day Quechua-speaking peasants of Andes, constitute about 45% population of Peru • They combine farming, herding w/ simple traditional technology • Most are Mestizo (mixed-blood) population • Indian community close-knit, families usually intermarrying; much of agricultural work done cooperatively • The religion is Roman Catholicism infused w/ pagan hierarchy of spirits and deities

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