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A New Age 1820-1850. AP U.S. History. The Growth of Cities (1820-1860). City Growth. Seaports begin to focus on internal trade. “Instant” cities near networks of trade. Chicago, IL: RR. Utica, NY: Erie Canal. Dearborn, MI: Grain, slaughterhouses, & warehouses. American Cities (1860).
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A New Age1820-1850 AP U.S. History
City Growth • Seaports begin to focus on internal trade. • “Instant” cities near networks of trade. • Chicago, IL: RR. • Utica, NY: Erie Canal. • Dearborn, MI: Grain, slaughterhouses, & warehouses.
“New” Immigration • 20,000 in 1831 to 430,000 in 1854. • Proportion of population: • 1.6% (1820) to 11.2% (1860). • NY: 48% are foreign born (1860). • Who were they? • Mostly from Ireland & Germany. • Mostly Catholic.
Participation of Irish and German Immigrants in the New York City 1859
Sanitation • No water, sewer, garbage collection. • Pigs roam and eat garbage. • Leads to yellow fever, typhus, & cholera. • Middle Class: Leaves city & travels streetcar. • Lower Class: Slums. Worst is 5 points in NY. • Neighborhoods represent salad bowl.
City Class Structure • 3-5%=Wealthy ($5,000+) • Mansions & large town houses. • Several servants. • Summer in resort towns. • 25%=Middle Class. • House of 4-6 rooms. • $1000/year • 70%=Low Class ($100 or less). • Depend on more than one income. • Unskilled labor. • Immigrants. • Rented housing moving frequently.
Popular Culture • Taverns: Sociability, brawls, & riots. • Theaters: 1820’s Places for violence, prostitutes meet dates, 1830’s becomes more middle class. • Blackface minstrel show: Stereotypes of black workers played by Irishmen.
Free African-American Life • 1860: 500,000 in U.S (11% of black pop.) • ½ live in northern cities. • Annual Income: Black: $91, Irish: $131, $872 for average population. • Residential & educational discrimination & segregation. • Exclusion from concerts, theatres, libraries, zoo, restaurants, etc.
Labor Movement • Artisans: cut out because of the putting-out system and large influx of immigrants. • No safety for workers who were replaced by cheaper labor. • Workers have to depend on one another for support, not employers.
Union Movement • Working Men’s Party (“Workies”)-10 hour day, end of monopolies, public school system and cheap land in the west. • Whigs & Democrats compete for vote. Workies turn to labor over political parties. • 1833-1837: Skilled workers strike & win. • First union’s only include white skilled men.
Machine Politics • Power falls to the Political Boss to control large city politics. • Only country in the world where property less men can vote. • ½ voters in cities are foreign born. • Usually three years of residency needed but the machine could speed it up.
Machine Politics (Cont.) • 1780’s: Tammany Society leads to Tammany Hall (NY). • Parades, rallies, newspapers, songs, gifts to the poor for the Democratic Party. • Party loyalty buys contracts & jobs. • Fosters community feeling to new arrivals. • Widely corrupt and self-interested.
Social Reform Movements • Movements are amplified by the press creating national networks of reform groups. • Temperance • Education • Prisons • Asylums • Women’s Rights • Abolitionism • Evangelism
Evangelism & Social Control • Fundamental to social reform. • Charles Finney preaches “perfectionism.” • Followers expect to convert the whole world, a world of god-like creatures. • Middle Class: Apply morality to movement. Reform movement needs to be institutional. Not personal. • Belief in basic goodness of human nature. • Moralistic Dogmatism: Reformers know what is right for the rest of society. Impose beliefs upon others.
Evangelism-Negative Aspects • Seek uniformity & not tolerance. • 1830’s: Promoted hostility towards catholic Irish and Germans. • Temperance movement targets immigrants. • Promote nativism (1840-1860).
Social Evil:Temperance • Largest Reform Organization: American Society for the Promotion of Temperance. • 200,000 members by 1830’s. • Dominated by evangelicals. • Drinking is mostly a man’s problem. • Leads to violence, crime, abuse and poverty. • Becomes social and political issue. • 1840’s consumption is halved. About equal with today.
Additional Social Evils • Prostitution • Rescue women by offering them salvation, prayer, & shelter or domestic work. • Not a moral issue, but an economic one. • Asylum reform sponsored by Dorthea Dix (1843). • Women were incarcerated with criminals, chained & caged. Led to state institutions in 28 states by 1860.
Utopianism • “Burned-Over District” in upstate NY near the Erie Canal. • Name comes from the many reform movements sweeping through area. • Economic depression and social change lead to variety of religions developing. • Millerites (founder, W. Miller) believed Judgment Day was Oct. 22, 1843. Disbanded, but core creates 7th Day Adventist Church. • Shakers (“Mother” Ann Lee – 1774). Oldest utopian group. Offshoot of the Quakers. Abolishment of marriage and a world of equality with celibacy.
Utopianism Continued • Oneida based upon sexual freedom ( J. H. Noyes, 1848). Complex marriage, with only certain men allowed to be fathers. • Mormonism (Joseph Smith, 1830). Close cooperation, hard work, attract new members and create economic success. • Harassed in NY, OH, then MO and finally to IL. • After achieving stability and harmony, Smith & brother are arrested for advocating polygamy. Killed by a mob. • Brigham Young (1846) moves followers to SLC to establish community.
Abolitionism-Quakers • Found American Colonization Society. • Compensation to owners and gradual emancipation. • Resettlement in Africa. • North eager to send free blacks away. • Send 1,400 blacks to Liberia, West Africa.
Abolitionism-African Americans • Reject colonization and advocate immediate freedom & equality. • Pamphlet, Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World blamed for Nat Turner rebellion. • First African American newspaper (1827), Freedom’s Journal.
Abolitionism-Militants • Led by William Lloyd Garrison after a break with the ACS. • Published the Liberator (1831). • Garrison demands emancipation and the acknowledgement of the immorality of slavery. • Found American Anti-Slavery Society with T. Weld. • Held meetings with 1st hand accounts of slavery from S. Truth, F. Douglass and the Grimke sisters.
Southern Reaction • 1835: Mail over 1M pieces of anti-slavery literature to southern states. • Southern legislatures abolished literature and endorsed harassment of distributors. • GA legislature offers $5K to anyone who will kidnap W.L. Garrison and make him stand trial for inciting rebellion. • Southern states tighten laws of emancipation, movement and slave behavior. • Reinforced laws making it a crime to teach a slave to read. • Overall immediate result: stifle dissent and make slaves lives harder.
Northern Reaction • Philadelphia is a center for the “anti” movements. • Irish immigrants are anti-abolitionist. • Compete with free blacks for labor. • Mob violence leads to Garrison almost killed. • Houses & churches burned.
Politics of Abolitionism • Gag rule initiated in congress (Adams petitioned to have it removed in 1844). • Amistad’s crew (1839). • Groups begin to splinter. • First between white and black. • White group moves towards politics, founding the Liberty Party. • Garrison hates politics and chooses to work as an agitator.
Women’s Rights • Not accepted as political participants. • Find political voice in social reform movements. • Form all female chapters within reform movements. • Majority of women could not participate (too busy). • Mostly comprised of white middle class. • Some transcend “acceptable” boundaries.
Active Women • Angela & Sarah Grimke. SC slaveholding family. • Moved to join Quakers in 1830’s. • Battle male dominance and right to be heard in public. • Breaks assumptions of women and southerners.
Seneca Falls Convention-1848 • Meeting sprouts from World Anti Slavery Convention (London, 1840). • 300 attendees. • First women’s rights convention in U.S. history. • Declaration of Sentiments modeled Declaration of Independence. • Political, legal and social equality for all women.
