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A. Rise of the Ottomans

A. Rise of the Ottomans. Gunpowder enabled Ottomans to successfully conquer territory Captured & enslaved Christian boys from conquered territories Boys converted to Islam and became Janissaries (elite soldiers loyal to sultan) Governed empire w/ tolerance but taxed non-Muslims.

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A. Rise of the Ottomans

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  1. A. Rise of the Ottomans • Gunpowder enabled Ottomans to successfully conquer territory • Captured & enslaved Christian boys from conquered territories • Boys converted to Islam and became Janissaries (elite soldiers loyal to sultan) • Governed empire w/ tolerance but taxed non-Muslims

  2. B. Sultan Suleyman • ‘Sultan’: Arabic for ruler • Ottoman sultan Suleyman I is considered to be the perfect ruler.  • Hailed for having important qualities of an Islamic ruler, especially knowledge of justice.  • Empire reached its height under Suleyman I 1520-1566

  3. B. Sultan Suleyman cont… • Viewed by many as a law giver, a great soldier, and a magnificent poet. • Reformed tax system, improved court systems & legal codes & issued new laws to reduce corruption • A/K/A – “Suleyman the Magnificent” & “Suleyman the Lawgiver”

  4. Hagia Sophia is a great architectural beauty and an important monument both for Byzantine and for Ottoman Empires, Hagia Sophia Istanbul.

  5. C. Decline of Ottoman Empire • Rulers often killed brothers to eliminate rivalries for throne • Later heirs were imprisoned until they became sultan • This caused weak & inexperienced sultans and led to the decline of the empire

  6. II. Safavid Empire c. 1500 • Safavids were Shia; while most Muslims were Sunnis; led to conflict with surrounding empires • ‘Shah’ (king) Abbas became greatest Safavid ruler • He strengthened military & gained gunpowder & weapons • Captured young slaves in Russia & trained them to be soldiers

  7. A. Safavid Culture / Society • Abbas ruled during Golden Age • Brought Chinese artists to improve quality of tiles & ceramics • Created great public buildings decorated with arches & gardens

  8. Safavid Culture / Society cont…. • Architecture incl. beautiful domes decorated w/ tile & calligraphy • Economy grew – Abbas encouraged manufacturing traditional products like hand woven Persian carpets

  9. III. Mughal Sultanate • Akbar the Great, ascended the throne in 1556, at age 13 • The third Mughal emperor of India, Akbar won the support of Hindus and Muslims. • Greatest accomplishment was the institution of an efficient bureaucracy that helped to run the empire.

  10. Akbar’s accomplishments: • Worked to unify the empire by promoting religious tolerance. • He abolished taxes placed on non-Muslims • Appointed Hindus to govt. positions

  11. Akbar’s accomplishments: • Akbar centralized govt. • Reformed tax system • Also appointed officials from outside India to prevent regional loyalties • Jahangir, Akbar’s son cont. many of his father’s policies

  12. Taj Mahal Built as tomb for wife of Shah Jahan (Akbar’s g’son) • Combined Persian, Indian, Muslim architectural styles

  13. Decline of Mughal Empire • $$ for Taj Mahal: heavy taxes • Taxes caused hardships for people of India • Wars were also very costly • Shah Jahan (grandson of Akbar) didn’t practice religious tolerance which led to wars against Hindus & Christians

  14. Rebellions broke out c. 1600 • Competition for throne resulted in civil war • This enabled invaders to come in through the North • Result: Territory lost • British take over control and colonize India

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