The Rise of the Ottomans

1. The Rise of the Ottomans • First Ottomans were: • Turkish soldiers known as _______ • Or warriors for _____ • Came to _____ • To escape the ____________ • Mongols specifies one or several ethnic groups largely located now in Mongolia, China, and Russia.

2. The Rise of the Ottomans • _______________ • A ghazi leader that had great success fighting the _____________ • Byzantine Empire, is used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking ___________ of the Middle Ages • centered on its capital of _______________. • Osman’s tribe was known as ____________

3. The Rise of the Ottomans • Ottomans took over a large part of __________ • Tried to capture Constantinople but failed • Major Point: • The Ottomans left the area Mongols had and invaded the Roman Empire to have a new home. • The Roman Empire is generally considered to have ended after the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453,

4. The elite ottoman army • ______________ • title of certain ____________ who claimed almost full sovereignty in practical terms (i.e., the lack of dependence on any higher ruler) • The Ottoman sultans • Created a highly trained troop of slave soldiers called _______________. • Young war captives • Christian slaves from Europe

5. The elite Ottoman Army • Janissaries • 1) First schooled in Islamic laws and • 2) ________________ • 3) __________________ • Belonged to the sultan • Serving him for life • Eventually the Janissaries gained power and influence • Became _______________ in the Ottoman Empire

6. Timur challenges the Ottomans • ____________ • Interrupted the __________________ • Claimed he was descended from the great Mongol leader ___________ • united many of the nomadic tribes of north-east Asia and Central Asia. • ________________________ • he pursued an aggressive foreign policy by starting the Mongol invasion of East Asia and Central Asia. • During his life, the Mongol Empire eventually occupied most of Asia. • Built an army and built his power in central Asia • Where he began a career of conquest.

7. Timur • Timur • By the end of the 1300’s, • Timur’s forces were close to the Ottoman territory. • In 1402 Timur invaded Anatolia. • Defeated the Ottomans at ____________ and captured the sultan.

8. Recovery and expansion • Timur’s victory over the Ottomans caused a crisis in the Ottoman Empire. • A civil war broke out over who should be the next sultan • _____________ became the next sultan and began a new period of expansion. • __________________________ at the Battle of Varna • ___________ became the sultan after Murad. • ____________________ in 1453 • The capital of the Byzantine empire • Renamed it ____________, and made it the Ottoman capital.

9. Recovery and expansion • ___________ • Greatest Ottoman sultan • Ruled from 1520 to 1566 • _____________________ • Known as “the Magnificent” • Expanded the Ottoman Empire, conquering __________ in 1526. • Ottomans ruled most of • _____________ • _____________ • _____________

10. Slow decline begins • _______________________ • Died in 1566 • This ____________________ of the Ottoman power and influence in European states. • France • Spain • Poland

11. The millet system • Different groups of people made up the _______ • __________ Turks in Anatolia • ___________ and __________ in the Balkans • Muslim Arabs in the Fertile Crescent. • The sultans allowed the different groups to practice their own religion. • Each religion was organized into separate religious communities called _____________. • Millets • Controlled by the sultan, but they governed themselves • Each millet had __________ and ________ • Own ________ and ___________ • Responsible for the education, health and safety of its members

12. Slow decline begins • 1) Ottoman army and navy ________ • 2) ______ of highly profitable silk and spice trades between Europe and Asia • 3) European naval powers opened new sea rotes that bypassed the Turks, which destroyed their trade monopoly. • 4) The power and prestige of the Ottoman sultans weakened. • 5) ____________________. • The Ottoman Empire struggled to survive, finally ending in 1923. • ____________ established itself as a republic.