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The Ottomans

The Ottomans. Libertyville HS. Who were the Ottomans?. Turks with a small M uslim state in Western Anatolia Extended control over most of Anatolia, then into SE Europe Byzantine Empire was a joke, but Constantinople held out. Sultan Mehmed II “the Conqueror”.

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The Ottomans

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  1. The Ottomans Libertyville HS

  2. Who were the Ottomans? • Turks with a small Muslim state in Western Anatolia • Extended control over most of Anatolia, then into SE Europe • Byzantine Empire was a joke, but Constantinople held out

  3. Sultan Mehmed II “the Conqueror” • Sultan who finally conquered Constantinople • Renamed city Istanbul • Became one of the most important cities of Islam • Important because it was a trade center (N+S & E+W)

  4. Ottoman Absolutism • Sultan = absolute ruler • Job was to guarantee justice (adala) throughout land • Justice = fairness, equity (Solomon) • Sultan also to protect poor, helpless from corrupt government • Personal protector of the people from excesses of government • To do this, Sultan had to have absolute power!

  5. Ottoman Absolutism • Government practices • Divan: Imperial council advising sultan • Bureaucracy under control of Sultan • Central government controlled local gov’t • Sultan observed operations of gov’t, stepping in when necessary (spies, disguise) • Siyasa: punishments for corrupt officials • Accessibility: All levels of government could be met with by lowest peasant (except sultan)

  6. Ottoman Absolutism • Structure of Government • Sultan was the Caliph (supreme leader of Islamic faith) • Why? • Mecca, Medina part of empire • Responsible for Islamic orthodoxy • Conquest for two reasons: assure safety of pilgrims and root out false Islam practices

  7. Ottoman Absolutism: The Bureaucracy SULTAN Divans Social / MilitaryDivans Heads of IndividualReligious Millets Muslims Jews Local Administrators& Military Christians Landowners / Tax Collectors

  8. Suleiman the Magnificent • Suleiman “the Magnificent” (“the Law Giver”) • Considered the most perfect Islamic ruler, in history • Brilliant military leader, poet, architect, politician • Recognized in Europe as well • Believed the entire world was his, as a gift from God

  9. Suleiman the Magnificent • Viewed conquest of Europe as his right • Conquered Rhodes & much of Greece • Conquered Hungary • Conquered most of Austria (up to Vienna) • Played major role in European politics

  10. Suleiman the Magnificent • Saw Europe as the major threat to Islam • Tried to destabilize Catholic Church and HRE • Poured a lot of money into supporting Protestant countries • Why support European destabilization?

  11. Suleiman the Magnificent • “The Builder” • Building projects in Istanbul with goal of making it the center of Islamic civilization • Patron of the Arts • Poetry, music, philosophy all flowered under his rule • Suleiman’s rule was highpoint of Empire Suleiman’s signature

  12. Ottoman Empire in 1600s • Largest, most powerful empire in world • 1683: Ottomans invaded Austria, laid siege to Vienna • Defeated by European coalition • Lost out to better technology of Europeans • 1699: Peace of Karlowitz • Ottomans gave Austria Hungary, Transylvania

  13. Ottoman Empire in 1700s • Defined by conflict with Russia • Russia aggressively expanded southward into Muslim territories • Muslim states had no where else to turn, except Ottomans • Ottomans and Russians fought three major wars • No clear winner, loser

  14. Decline of Ottoman Empire • Series of poor rulers • Insane • Uninterested in overseeing gov’t functions • Increasing corruption • Loss of support for sultan by people • 18th C., population doubled (high unemployment, famine) • Ottomans did not industrialize like Europe (kept old labor practices, like guilds) • By 19th C., decline accelerated by rising European powers

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