Biochemistry Notes

Biochemistry Notes SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

What is Chemistry? Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions How does chemistry relate to Biology? SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Elements • An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down • There are over 100 known elements, 92 of which occur naturally. • Each element has a unique name and symbol. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds The Periodic Table of Elements • Horizontal rows are called periods. • Vertical columns are called groups. • Organized by number of protons, and therefore also organized by properties (groups) SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds • Chemistry = study of matter. • Atoms are the building blocks of matter. • Neutrons and protons are located at the nucleus of the atom. • Protons are positively charged particles. • Neutrons are particles that have no charge. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds • Electrons are negatively charged particles that are located outside the nucleus. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds • Atomic Number: number of protons in the nucleus of an element (atom). In a neutral atom, this is also the number of electrons. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds • Atomic Mass: the number of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of an element (atom). • Find the neutrons only: • Atomic mass-atomic number=neutrons • Ex: Carbon Picture SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Radioactivity • When a nucleus breaks apart, it gives off radiation that can be detected and used for many applications. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds Chemical Bonds hold atoms, molecules and compounds together • Two types of chemical bonds: • Covalent bonds • Electrons are shared evenly between atoms • Ionic bonds • Atoms are oppositely charged and electrons are therefore given to the “stronger” atom. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.1 Atoms, Elements, and Compounds O2 H20 NaCl N2 CO2 H2 • A molecule is formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. • A compoundis a molecule that contains at least two different elements. • All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.2 Chemical Reactions Reactions • A physical reaction does not produce a new substance, but involves a change in the state of matter. • Ex: crushing a can, melting an ice cube. • A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances. • Ex: rusting, combustion (burning), cooking an egg Chemical reaction Physical reaction

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chemical Equations • Chemical equations describe the substances in the reaction and arrows indicate the process of change. • Reactants are the starting substances, on the left side of the arrow. • Products are the substances formed during the reaction, on the right side of the arrow. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.2 Chemical Reactions • Example reaction: • Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water. • Critical thinking: What biochemical process does this chemical equation represent??? C6H12O6 + 6O2 6C02 + 6H20 SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.2 Chemical Reactions Energy of Reactions • Energy diagrams illustrate the progress and available energy of a chemical reaction. • Theactivation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.2 Chemical Reactions Energy of Reactions • All chemical reactions either take in energy or release energy. • Exothermic reactions: release heat energy. • Endothermic reactions: absorbs heat energy. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.2 Chemical Reactions • This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy. • The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.2 Chemical Reactions • This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy. • The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.2 Chemical Reactions Enzymes • Enzymes are special proteins • that help to speed up • chemical reactions by acting • as catalyst and lessening the • activation energy. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology • It does not increase how much product is made and it does not get used up in the reaction. Chapter 6 6.2 Chemical Reactions Enzymes • A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. • Enzymes are biologicalcatalysts. SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.2 Chemical Reactions Enzymes • Enzymes are biologicalcatalysts that speed up reactions in living organisms. • Enzymes used for: • Photosynthesis • Cell Respiration • Growth • Waste removal • DNA replication • Movement SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.2 Chemical Reactions- How do they Work??? • The substance acted upon by the enzyme is called the substrate. • The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site. Fits together like a lock and key SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Enzymes in Action http://www.lpscience.fatcow.com/jwanamaker/animations/Enzyme%20activity.html SB1- Relationship between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Organic Chemistry • The study of all compounds containing the element CARBON SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life • Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains, and rings. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

What is a macromolecule? • A giant molecule made up of 100’s or 1000’s or smaller units called MONOMERS • Monomers link together to form large POLYMERS SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Macromolecules • Carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules. • Macromolecules are large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. • Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

The 4 types of macromolecules: NUCLEIC ACIDS CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS LIPIDS SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

CARBOHYDRATES • Made up of C,H,O • Used as main source of energy • Sugars: quick source of energy • Monosaccharide-simple sugar, disaccharide-2, polysaccharide-many • Ex: glucose, lactose, fructose, sucrose • Starches: many sugars linked together, source of energy breaking down slower • Used by plants for energy storage • Ex: potatoes, pasta, bread, grains Two types: SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

Figure 2-13 A Starch Section 2-3 Starch Glucose Go to Section: SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Lipids • Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen • A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life • Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds are called saturated fats. • Lipids that have at least one double bond in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats. • Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

LIPIDS • Made up mainly of C & H • Used to store energy, insulation & protection • Usually not soluble in water • Saturated: has maximum number of H bonds, usually solid at room temperature • Unsaturated: at least one double bond, usually liquid SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Proteins • A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids • Amino acids are small compounds that are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life • The other three bonds are with an amino group (–NH2), a carboxyl group (–COOH), and a variable group (–R). SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

PROTEINS • Made up of C,H,O,N • Made up of groups called amino acids (20 in nature) • proteins have a large variety of sizes & shapes • If the shape changes, it becomes a new protein • Ex: when you boil an egg, the protein changes color, shape • Found in muscles, cell membrane SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life • The number and the order in which the amino acids are joined define the protein’s primary structure. • After an amino acid chain is formed, it folds into a unique three-dimensional shape, which is the protein’s secondary structure, such as a helix or a pleat. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life • Nucleic acids are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information. • Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides, composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms. SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

Nucleic Acids • Made up of H,O,N,C & P • Store and transmit genetic information • Made up of nucleotides • Two types: DNA & RNA SB1- Relationship Between Structure and Function in Cells

Biochemistry Notes